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Tin
Tin information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.

Tin compounds sprayed onto glass are used to produce electrically conductive coatings. These have been used for panel lighting and for frost-free windshields. Most window glass is now made by floating molten glass on molten tin (float glass) to produce a flat surface. Crystalline tin-niobium alloy is superconductive at very low temperatures. This promises to be important in the construction of superconductive magnets that generate enormous field strengths but use practically no power. Tin is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. An important tin compound is the chloride, which is used as a reducing agent and as a mordant in calico printing.  Tin is also used in various metal alloys (See AE Alloys).

Tin facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are

 

  Hydrogen                                 Helium
  Lithium Beryllium                     Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
  Sodium Magnesium                     Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
  Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Hydrogen Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
  Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
  Cesium Barium Cerium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
                                     
      Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium    
      Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawerencium    


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available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.

Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Tin is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.

Tin is a Block P, Group 14, Period 5 element. The electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2. In its elemental form tin's CAS number is 7440-31-5. The tin atom has a radius of 140.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 217.pm.

All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology advantages. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Tin compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.

Tin was first discovered by Early Man..

French Étain German Zinn Italian Stagno Portuguese Estanho Spanish Estaño Swedish Tenn

Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of tin and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.

Isotope
Atomic Mass
% Abundance on Earth
Sn-112
111.904821
0.97
Sn-114
113.902782
0.65
Sn-115
114.903346
0.34
Sn-116
115.901744
14.53
Sn-117
116.902954
7.68
Sn-118
117.901606
24.23
Sn-119
118.903309
8.59
Sn-120
119.902197
32.59
Sn-122
121.903440
4.63
Sn-124
123.905275
5.79

Safety Data. The safety data for tin metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin.

Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for tin (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:

1st Ionization Energy
708.58 kJ mol-1
2nd Ionization Energy
1411.81 kJ mol-1
3rd Ionization Energy
2943.07 kJ mol-1

Conductivity. As to tin's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 11 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1.96. The thermal conductivity of tin is 66.6 W m-1 K-1.

Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for tin are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.

Heat of Fusion
7.2 kJ mol-1
Heat of Vaporization
296.2 kJ mol-1
Heat of Atomization
302 kJ mol-1

 
Formula Atomic Number Molecular Weight Electronegativity (Pauling) Density Melting Point
Boiling Point
Vanderwaals radius
Ionic radius Energy of first ionization
Sn 50 118.69 g.mol -1 1.8 5.77 g.cm-3 at 20 °C 232 °C 2270 °C 217.pm 0.112 nm (+2) ; 0.070 (+4) 708.58 kJ.mol-1

PRODUCT CATALOG U.S. Operations Submicron & Nanopowder Tolling Ultra High Purity Sputtering Target Crystal Growth Rod, Plate, Powder, etc. Foil
 
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Recent Research & Development for Tin

  • Dopamine sensitized nanoporous TiO(2) film on electrodes: Photoelectrochemical sensing of NADH under visible irradiation. Wang GL, Xu JJ, Chen HY. Biosens Bioelectron. 2008 Dec 30. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19185483 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Accelerated solvent-based extraction and enrichment of selected plasticisers and 4-nonylphenol, and extraction of tin from organotin sources in sediments, sludges and leachate soils. Reid AM, Brougham CA, Fogarty AM, Roche JJ. Anal Chim Acta. 2009 Feb 23;634(2):197-204. Epub 2008 Dec 25. PMID: 19185120 [PubMed - in process]

  • Widely transparent electrodes based on ultrathin metals. Ghosh DS, Martinez L, Giurgola S, Vergani P, Pruneri V. Opt Lett. 2009 Feb 1;34(3):325-7. PMID: 19183646 [PubMed - in process]

  • DMSO-associated encephalopathy during autologous peripheral stem cell infusion: a predisposing role of preconditioning exposure to CNS-penetrating agents? Marcacci G, Corazzelli G, Becchimanzi C, Arcamone M, Capobianco G, Russo F, Frigeri F, Pinto A. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2009 Feb 2. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available. PMID: 19182835 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Mould filling of Ag-Pd-Cu-Au and Ag-Zn-Sn-In alloy castings made using a rapidly prepared gypsum-bonded investment material. Shimizu H, Inoue S, Miyauchi H, Watanabe K, Takahashi Y. Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent. 2008 Dec;16(4):177-80. PMID: 19177729 [PubMed - in process]

  • Neuroprotective role of heme-oxygenase 1 against iodoacetate-induced toxicity in rat cerebellar granule neurons: Role of bilirubin. Gonzalez-Reyes S, Orozco-Ibarra M, Guzman-Beltran S, Molina-Jijon E, Massieu L, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Free Radic Res. 2009 Jan 28:1-10. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19177228 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • SINTERED INDIUM-TIN-OXIDE (ITO) PARTICLES : A NEW PNEUMOTOXIC ENTITY. Lison D, Laloy J, Corazzari I, Muller J, Rabolli V, Panin N, Huaux F, Fenoglio I, Fubini B. Toxicol Sci. 2009 Jan 28. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19176593 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • SPLIT SHOT SINKER FACILITATES SETON TREATMENT OF ANAL FISTULAE. Awad ML, Sell HW, Stahlfeld KR. Colorectal Dis. 2008 Oct 21. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19175658 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • A novel molecularly imprinted sensor for selectively probing imipramine created on ITO electrodes modified by Au nanoparticles. Xu X, Zhou G, Li H, Liu Q, Zhang S, Kong J. Talanta. 2009 Apr 15;78(1):26-32. Epub 2008 Nov 5. PMID: 19174198 [PubMed - in process]

  • Partial double bond character in chalcogen compounds of stanna-closo-dodecaborate. Kirchmann M, Gädt T, Schappacher FM, Pöttgen R, Weigend F, Wesemann L. Dalton Trans. 2009 Feb 14;(6):1055-62. Epub 2008 Dec 19. PMID: 19173088 [PubMed - in process]

  • Sequence-specific electrochemical detection of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris DNA using electroconductive polymer-modified fluorine tin oxide electrodes. Barrios Eguiluz KI, Salazar-Banda GR, Funes-Huacca ME, Alberice JV, Carrilho E, Spinola Machado SA, Avaca LA. Analyst. 2009 Feb;134(2):314-9. Epub 2008 Oct 29. PMID: 19173055 [PubMed - in process]

  • Activity of Chitosans in combination with antibiotics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Tin S, Sakharkar KR, Lim CS, Sakharkar MK. Int J Biol Sci. 2009;5(2):153-60. Epub 2009 Jan 21. PMID: 19173037 [PubMed - in process]

  • The EML4-ALK fusion gene is involved in various histologic types of lung cancers from nonsmokers with wild-type EGFR and KRAS. Wong DW, Leung EL, So KK, Tam IY, Sihoe AD, Cheng LC, Ho KK, Au JS, Chung LP, Pik Wong M; University of Hong Kong Lung Cancer Study GroupMembers of the University of Hong Kong Lung Cancer Study Group include Lik-Cheung Cheng, Daniel Tsin-Tien Chua, Lap-Ping Chung, James Chung-Man Ho, Elaine Lai-Han Leung, Alan Dart-Loon Sihoe, Vicky Pui-Chi Tin, and Maria Pik Wong.. Cancer. 2009 Jan 23. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19170230 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Isoliquiritigenin, from Dalbergia odorifera, up-regulates anti-inflammatory heme oxygenase-1 expression in RAW264.7 macrophages. Lee SH, Kim JY, Seo GS, Kim YC, Sohn DH. Inflamm Res. 2009 Jan 27. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19169644 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Ternary Pt/Rh/SnO(2) electrocatalysts for oxidizing ethanol to CO(2). Kowal A, Li M, Shao M, Sasaki K, Vukmirovic MB, Zhang J, Marinkovic NS, Liu P, Frenkel AI, Adzic RR. Nat Mater. 2009 Jan 25. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19169248 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Three-dimensional echocardiography for optimization of cardiac resynchronization therapy. Ballo P, Motto A, Mondillo S, Galderisi M. Eur Heart J. 2009 Jan 23. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available. PMID: 19168528 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Heme-oxygenase induction inhibits arteriolar thrombosis in vivo: Effect of the non-substrate inducer cobalt protoporphyrin. Johns DG, Zelent D, Ao Z, Bradley BT, Cooke A, Contino L, Hu E, Douglas SA, Jaye MC. Eur J Pharmacol. 2009 Jan 10. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19168058 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Development of a stable cholesterol biosensor based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes-gold nanoparticles composite covered with a layer of chitosan-room-temperature ionic liquid network. Gopalan AI, Lee KP, Ragupathy D. Biosens Bioelectron. 2008 Dec 24. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19167880 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy or aborted myocardial infarction? Cattaneo P, Rossi A, Anzà C, Baravelli M. Eur Heart J. 2009 Jan 22. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available. PMID: 19164334 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Synthesis, spectral, thermal and anti-fungal studies of organotin(IV) thiohydrazone complexes. Singh R, Kaushik NK. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2008 Jun 19. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19162535 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

 

 

 

 

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