American Elements

 

  Tin
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2-(Tributylstannyl)pyridine
Aluminium Tin Copper Alloy Particles
Ammonium Hexafluorostannate
Antimony Tin Oxide
Antimony Tin Oxide Nanoparticles
Bismuth Indium Lead Tin Alloy
Bismuth Indium Tin Alloy
Bismuth Lead Tin Cadmium Alloy
Bismuth Lead Tin Silver Alloy
Bismuth Lead Indium Tin Alloy
Bismuth Tin Indium Lead Alloy
Copper Titanium Tin Alloy Particles
Copper Tin Silver Alloy
Copper Tin Alloy Spherical Powder
Gold Silver Tin Alloy
Gold Tin Alloy
Gold Tin Metal
Indium Tin Alloy
Indium Tin Cadmium Alloy
Indium Tin Lead Alloy
Indium Tin Lead Cadmium Alloy
Indium Tin Metal
Indium Tin Oxide
Lead Antimony Tin Alloy
Lead Bismuth Tin Cadmium Alloy
Lead Silver Tin Alloy
Lead Tin Alloy
Lead Tin Antimony Alloy
Lead Tin Arsenic Granules
Lead Tin Arsenic Lump
Lead Tin Arsenic Powder
Lead Tin Silver Alloy
Lead Tin Silver Indium Alloy
Lithium Borohydride/Magnesium/Tin/Tin
Silver Copper Tin Alloy
Silver Copper Zinc Tin Alloy
Tin 2-Ethylhexanoate
Tin-112 Isotope
Tin-116 Isotope
Tin-117 Isotope
Tin-118 Isotope
Tin-119 Isotope
Tin Acetate
Tin Acetate Solution
Tin Acetylacetonate
Tin Antimonide
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Tin Antimony Gold Alloy
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Tin Antimony Powder
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Tin Bismuth
Tin Bismuth Copper Silver Alloy
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Tin Bromide
Tin Cadmium Alloy
Tin Carbide
Tin Carbon Nanotube
Tin Chloride SnCl2
Tin Chloride, Ultra Dry SnCl2
Tin Chloride SnCl4
Tin Chloride Solution
Tin Chromate
Thulium Circle
Tin Copper Alloy
Tin Coins
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Tin Fluoride SnF2
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Tin Foil
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Stannane (Tin Hydride)
Tin Indium Alloy
Tin Ingot
Tin(II) Iodide
Tin(II) Iodide, Ultra Dry
Tin(IV) Iodide
Tin Lead Alloy
Tin Lead Antimony Alloy
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Tin Lead Silver Bismuth Alloy Particles
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Tin Oxide SnO
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Tin-119 Oxide Isotope
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Tin Sulfate Solution
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Tin Telluride Sputtering Target
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Ultra Thin Tin Foil
Tin Trifluoromethanesulfonate
Tin Iodide
Ammonium Hexafluorostannate
Potassium Stannate Trihydrate
Bismuth Indium Lead Tin Alloy
Indium Bismuth Tin Alloy
Bismuth Lead Cadmium Indium Tin Alloy
Bismuth Lead Tin Cadmium Indium Alloy
Bismuth Lead Tin
Bismuth Lead Tin Silver Alloy
Bismuth Lead Tin Cadmium Alloy
Bismuth Lead Tin Cadmium Indium Alloy
Bismuth Lead Tin Indium Alloy
Bismuth Tin Alloy
Bismuth Tin Cadmium Alloy
Bismuth Lead Indium Tin Cadmium Alloy
Indium Tin Alloy
Indium Tin Cadmium Alloy
Indium Tin Lead Alloy
Indium Tin Lead Cadmium Alloy
Lead Telluride Tin Telluride/Lead Selenide Solid Solution
Tin Alloy
Tin Lead Cadmium Alloy
Copper Tin Alloy Nanoparticles
Silver Tin Alloy Nanopowder
Copper Titanium Tin AlloyPowder
Aluminum Tin Copper AlloyPowder
Dibutyldimethoxytin
Dibutyldiphenyltin
Dibutyltin bis(acetylacetonate)
Hexaphenylditin(IV)
Tetraallyltin
Tetravinyltin
Tricyclohexyltin Hydride
Tetrabutyltin
Tetraphenyltin
Tin(II) 2,3-naphthalocyanine
Tin(II) Palmitate
Tin(II) Stearate
Tin(II) Sulfide
Tin(II) Tetrafluoroborate Solution
Tin(IV) 2,3-naphthalocyanine Dichloride
Tin(IV) Iodide
Tin(IV) Phthalocyanine Dichloride
Tin(IV) Phthalocyanine Oxide
Bis(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl)tin Oxide
Titanium Based Molybdenum Zirconium Tin Alloy
Tributyl(1-ethoxyvinyl)tin
Tributyl(1-propynyl)tin
Tributyl(3-methyl-2-butenyl)tin
Tributyl(phenylethynyl)tin
Tributyl(vinyl)tin
Tris(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluorohexyl)tin Bromide
Tris(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluorohexyl)tin Hydride
Tris(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl)tin Azide
Tris(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl)tin Bromide
Tris(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl)tin Hydride
Tributyltin Hydride
Hexamethylditin
Tributyl(trimethylsilyl)stannane
Zinc Tin Oxide Sputtering Target
Zinc Tin Phosphorus Granules
Zinc Tin Phosphorus Lump
Zinc Tin Phosphorus Powder
Tin information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.

Tin Bohr ModelTin compounds sprayed onto glass are used to produce electrically conductive coatings. These have been used for panel lighting and for frost-free windshields. Most window glass is now made by floating molten glass on molten tin (float glass) to produce a flat surface. Crystalline tin-niobium alloy is superconductive at very low temperatures. This promises to be important in the construction of superconductive magnets that generate enormous field strengths but use practically no power. Tin is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. An important tin compound is the chloride, which is used as a reducing agent and as a mordant in calico printing. The origin of the word tin comes from the Latin word Stannum which translates to the Anglo-Saxon word tin.

Tin is also used in various metal alloys (See AE Alloys).

  Hydrogen                                 Helium
  Lithium Beryllium                     Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
  Sodium Magnesium                     Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
  Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Hydrogen Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
  Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
  Cesium Barium Cerium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
  Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Ununquadium Ununpentium Ununhexium Ununseptium Ununoctium
                                     
      Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium    
      Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawerencium    


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Tin facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.

Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses High Purity (99.999%) Tin Oxide (SnO) Powderas optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Tin is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.

Tin is a Block P, Group 14, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Tin's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 4 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2. In its elemental form tin's CAS number is 7440-31-5. The tin atom has a radius of 140.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 217.pm. Organometallic compounds of tin are very toxic and tin salts are also considered to be toxic. Tin as single atoms or molecules are not toxic.

High Purity (99.9999%) Tin (Sn) Sputtering TargetAll elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, thin fillm deposition using sputtering targets and evaporation materials, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology applications. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Tin compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.

Tin was first discovered by Early Man.
French Étain German Zinn Italian Stagno Portuguese Estanho Spanish Estaño Swedish Tenn


Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of tin and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
Isotope Atomic Mass % Abundance on Earth
Sn-112 111.904821 0.97
Sn-114 113.902782 0.65
Sn-115 114.903346 0.34
Sn-116 115.901744 14.53
Sn-117 116.902954 7.68
Sn-118 117.901606 24.23
Sn-119 118.903309 8.59
Sn-120 119.902197 32.59
Sn-122 121.903440 4.63
Sn-124 123.905275 5.79


The following table shows the abundance of Tin present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:
  Typical Human Body Universe
by Weight 200 ppb 4 ppb
by Atom 11 ppb 0.04 ppb


Safety Data and Biological Role. The safety data for tin metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Tin compounds are nesscessary, in minute amounts, in rats.

Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for tin (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
1st Ionization Energy 708.58 kJ mol-1
2nd Ionization Energy 1411.81 kJ mol-1
3rd Ionization Energy 2943.07 kJ mol-1


Conductivity. As to tin's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 11 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1.96. The thermal conductivity of tin is 66.6 W m-1 K-1.

Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for tin are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
Heat of Fusion 7.2 kJ mol-1
Heat of Vaporization 296.2 kJ mol-1
Heat of Atomization 302 kJ mol-1


Recent Research & Development for Tin
  • RECONSTRUCTION OF THE THUMB WITH A MODIFIED WRAP-AROUND FLAP IN A PATIENT SUFFERING FROM ß-THALASSEMIA MINOR. Galeano M, Checcucci G, Ceruso M. Hand Surg. 2011;16(3):361-5. PMID: 22072476 [PubMed - in process]

  • Isolated complete volar dislocation of the capitate: a case report. Checcucci G, Bigazzi P, Zucchini M, Ceruso M. Hand Surg. 2011;16(3):353-6. PMID: 22072474 [PubMed - in process]

  • Dielectrophoretic chip with multilayer electrodes and micro-cavity array for trapping and programmably releasing single cells. Chuang CH, Huang YW, Wu YT. Biomed Microdevices. 2011 Nov 10. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22072154 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Structures of medium sized tin cluster anions. Wiesel A, Drebov N, Rapps T, Ahlrichs R, Schwarz U, Kelting R, Weis P, Kappes MM, Schooss D. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011 Nov 9. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22071636 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Discrimination task reveals differences in neural bases of tinnitus and hearing impairment. Husain FT, Pajor NM, Smith JF, Kim HJ, Rudy S, Zalewski C, Brewer C, Horwitz B. PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e26639. Epub 2011 Oct 31. PMID: 22066003 [PubMed - in process]

  • A suggested technique for the application of the cone beam computed tomography periapical index. Esposito S, Cardaropoli M, Cotti E. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2011 Dec;40(8):506-12. PMID: 22065800 [PubMed - in process]

  • (4-Chloro-3-nitro-benzoato)triphenyl-tin(IV). Win YF, Choong CS, Teoh SG, Quah CK, Fun HK. Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Sep 1;67(Pt 9):m1270-1. Epub 2011 Aug 27. PMID: 22065496 [PubMed]

  • Bis{2-[(E)-(5-tert-butyl-2-hy-droxy-phen-yl)diazen-yl]benzoato}dimethyl-tin(IV). Basu Baul TS, Paul A, Tiekink ER. Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Oct 1;67(Pt 10):m1383-4. Epub 2011 Sep 14. PMID: 22065466 [PubMed]

  • Chloridodiphen-yl{[1-(1,3-thia-zol-2-yl-?N)ethyl-idene]-4-phenyl-thio-semicarbazidato-?N,S}tin(IV) methanol monosolvate. Arumugam SR, Dasary SS, Venkatraman R, Yu H, Fronczek FR. Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Oct 1;67(Pt 10):m1409-10. Epub 2011 Sep 30. PMID: 22065366 [PubMed]

  • catena-Poly[[triphenyl-tin(IV)]-µ-5-amino-2-nitro-benzoato-?O:O]. Win YF, Choong CS, Teoh SG, Quah CK, Fun HK. Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Sep 1;67(Pt 9):m1276-7. Epub 2011 Aug 27. PMID: 22064934 [PubMed]

  • Dual detection strategy for electrochemical analysis of glucose and nitrite using a partitionally modified electrode. Wang J, Diao P, Zhang Q. Analyst. 2011 Nov 7. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22064849 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • fac-(2-Amido-ethyl-?C,O)trichlorido(urea-?O)tin(IV). Howie RA, de Lima GM, Tiekink ER, Wardell JL, Wardell SM. Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Oct 1;67(Pt 10):m1420-1. Epub 2011 Sep 30. PMID: 22064619 [PubMed]

  • Highly sensitive nonenzymatic glucose sensor based on electrospun copper oxide-doped nickel oxide composite microfibers. Cao F, Guo S, Ma H, Yang G, Yang S, Gong J. Talanta. 2011 Oct 30;86:214-20. Epub 2011 Sep 8. PMID: 22063533 [PubMed - in process]

  • Cross-Linked Perylene Diimide-Based n-Type Interfacial Layer for Inverted Organic Photovoltaic Devices. Hains AW, Chen HY, Reilly TH, Gregg BA. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2011 Nov 7. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22059439 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Bis-(chloro-acetato-?O)bis(trimethyl-silylmethyl)tin(IV). Ding RF, Wang QB. Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Sep 1;67(Pt 9):m1190. Epub 2011 Aug 2. PMID: 22058841 [PubMed]

  • A new langbeinite-type phosphate: K(2)AlSn(PO(4))(3). Li HY, Zhao D. Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Oct 1;67(Pt 10):i56. Epub 2011 Sep 20. PMID: 22058680 [PubMed]

  • Enhanced resistance of yeast mutants deficient in low-affinity iron and zinc transporters to stannous-induced toxicity. Viau CM, Cardone JM, Guecheva TN, Yoneama ML, Dias JF, Pungartnik C, Brendel M, Saffi J, Henriques JA. Chemosphere. 2011 Nov 2. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22055569 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Allylsilanes in "Tin-free" Oximation, Alkenylation, and Allylation of Alkyl Halides. Rouquet G, Robert F, Méreau R, Castet F, Landais Y. Chemistry. 2011 Nov 3. doi: 10.1002/chem.201101842. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22052660 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Surface Modification of Indium-Tin-Oxide Via Self-Assembly of a Donor-Acceptor Complex: A Density Functional Theory Study. Li H, Winget P, Bredas JL. Adv Mater. 2011 Nov 3. doi: 10.1002/adma.201103009. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available. PMID: 22052626 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Minimally invasive video-assisted cardiac surgery: operative techniques, application fields and clinical outcomes. Vistarini N, Aiello M, Viganò M. Future Cardiol. 2011 Nov;7(6):775-87. PMID: 22050064 [PubMed - in process]




  • Formula Atomic Number Molecular Weight Electronegativity (Pauling) Density Melting Point Boiling Point Vanderwaals radius Ionic radius Energy of first ionization
    Sn 50 118.69 g.mol -1 1.8 5.77 g.cm-3 at 20 °C 232 °C 2270 °C 217.pm 0.112 nm (+2) ; 0.070 (+4) 708.58 kJ.mol-1

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