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Cadmium

 

Cadmium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.

Cadmium is a component of some of the lowest melting alloys; it is used in bearing alloys with low coefficients of friction and great resistance to fatigue. Cadmium is used extensively in electroplating, which accounts for about 60% of its use. It is also used in many types of solder, for standard E.M.F. cells, for nickel-cadmium batteries, and as a barrier to control nuclear fission. Cadmium compounds are used in black and white television phosphors and in blue and green phosphors for color television tubes and CRT monitors. Cadmium in glass and ceramic glazes creates a distinctive cadmium yellow. It forms a number of compounds, of which the sulfate is most common; the sulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium is similar to carbon in that it has a capacity to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks. Cadmium is available as compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity).  Cadmium is also used in various metal alloys (See AE Alloys).

Cadmium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are

 

  Hydrogen                                 Helium
  Lithium Beryllium                     Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
  Sodium Magnesium                     Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
  Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Hydrogen Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
  Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
  Cesium Barium Cerium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
                                     
      Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium    
      Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawerencium    


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available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.

Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Cadmium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.

Cadmium is a Block D, Group 12, Period 5 element. The electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2. In its elemental form cadmium's CAS number is 7440-43-9. The cadmium atom has a radius of 148.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 158.pm.

All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology advantages. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Cadmium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.

Cadmium was first discovered by Fredrich Stromeyer in 1817.

French Cadmium German Cadmium Italian Cadmio Portuguese Cádmio Spanish Cadmio Swedish Kadmium <

Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of cadmium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.

Isotope
Atomic Mass
% Abundance on Earth
Cd-106
105.906458
1.25
Cd-108
107.904183
0.89
Cd-110
109.903006
12.49
Cd-111
110.904182
12.80
Cd-112
111.902757
24.13
Cd-113
112.904401
12.22
Cd-114
113.903358
28.73
Cd-116
115.904755
7.49

Safety Data. The safety data for cadmium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin.

Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for cadmium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:

1st Ionization Energy
867.78 kJ mol-1
2nd Ionization Energy
1631.42 kJ mol-1
3rd Ionization Energy
3616.30 kJ mol-1

Conductivity. As to cadmium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 6.83 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1.69. The thermal conductivity of cadmium is 96.8 W m-1 K-1.

Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for cadmium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.

Heat of Fusion
6.11 kJ mol-1
Heat of Vaporization
100 kJ mol-1
Heat of Atomization
112.05 kJ mol-1

 
Formula Atomic Number Molecular Weight Electronegativity (Pauling) Density Melting Point
Boiling Point
Vanderwaals radius
Ionic radius Energy of first ionization
Cd 48 112.4 g.mol -1 1.7 8.7 g.cm-3 at 20 °C 321 °C 767 °C 158.pm 0.097 nm (+2) 867.78 kJ.mol-1

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Recent Research & Development for Cadmium

  • Precise determination of cadmium and lead isotopic compositions in river sediments. Anal Chim Acta. 2008 Mar 31;612(1):114-20. Epub 2008 Feb 16.


  • Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury 1,2-Benzenedithiolates with Intramolecular NH...S Hydrogen Bonds. Inorg Chem. 2008 Mar 11; [Epub ahead of print]


  • A load model based on antecedent dry periods for pollutants in stormwater. Water Environ Res. 2008 Feb;80(2):162-71.


  • Effect of heavy metals on earthworm activities during vermicomposting of municipal solid waste. Water Environ Res. 2008 Feb;80(2):154-61.


  • Mechanisms of heavy metal sorption on alkaline clays from Tundulu in Malawi as determined by EXAFS. J Hazard Mater. 2008 Feb 6; [Epub ahead of print]


  • An exposure and risk assessment for fluoride and trace metals in black tea. J Hazard Mater. 2008 Feb 6; [Epub ahead of print]


  • Lipid metabolism in liver of rat exposed to cadmium. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008 Jan 18; [Epub ahead of print]


  • Bioaccessibility of essential and non-essential metals in commercial shellfish from Western Europe and Asia. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008 Feb 2; [Epub ahead of print]


  • High-Energy Polarized-Beam Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Analysis Combined with Activated Thin Layers for Cadmium Determination at Trace Levels in Complex Environmental Liquid Samples. Anal Chem. 2008 Mar 8; [Epub ahead of print]


  • Bioaccumulation Potential of Dietary Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, and Selenium in Organs and Tissues of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) as a Function of Fish Growth. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Mar 8; [Epub ahead of print]


  • Phytoaccumulation prospects of cadmium and zinc by mycorrhizal plant species growing in industrially polluted soils. Environ Geochem Health. 2008 Mar 10; [Epub ahead of print]


  • Roles of biomarkers in evaluating interactions among mixtures of lead, cadmium and arsenic. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2008 Jan 31; [Epub ahead of print]


  • Cadmium, zinc, copper, sodium and potassium concentrations in rooster and turkey semen and their correlation. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2008 Apr;43(5):563-5.


  • Cadmium toxicity in a marine diatom as predicted by the cellular metal sensitive fraction. Environ Sci Technol. 2008 Feb 1;42(3):940-6.


  • Environmentally relevant cadmium concentrations affect development and induce apoptosis of Paracentrotus lividus larvae cultured in vitro. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2008 Mar 6; [Epub ahead of print]


  • Risk Assessment of Metals from Consuming Vegetables, Fruits and Rice Grown on Soils Irrigated with Waters of the Ebro River in Catalonia, Spain. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2008 Mar 6; [Epub ahead of print]


  • Structural, magnetic, high-frequency and high-field EPR investigation of double-stranded heterometallic [{Ni(en)(2)}(2)(micro-NCS)(4)Cd(NCS)(2)](n).nCH(3)CN polymer self-assembled from cadmium oxide, nickel thiocyanate and ethylenediamine. Dalton Trans. 2008 Mar 21;(11):1431-6. Epub 2008 Jan 22.


  • Structure and metal exchange in the cadmium carbonic anhydrase of marine diatoms. Nature. 2008 Mar 6;452(7183):56-61.


  • Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) monomer complexes with CaBr2 and CdCl2. Acta Crystallogr C. 2008 Mar;64(Pt 3):m127-33. Epub 2008 Feb 16.


  • Copper(II) and cadmium(II) isothiocyanate coordination polymers with 4,4'-bi-1,2,4-triazole. Acta Crystallogr C. 2008 Mar;64(Pt 3):m117-20. Epub 2008 Feb 9.

 

 

 

 

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