Nickel is a Block D, Group 4, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Nickel's shells is 2, 8, 16, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar]3d8 4s2. In its elemental form nickel's CAS number is 7440-02-0. Nickel is sometimes found free in nature but is more commonly found in ores. The nickel atom has a radius of 149.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 163.pm. Nickel and its compounds are considered to be carcinogenic. Nickel carbonyl is a very toxic gas. It is extensively alloyed with iron, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and other metals produce stainless and other anti-corrosive steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys. It is highly electronically conductive and has many applications as a result. It is the basis of the nickel hydride battery. Most recently, its conductive properties have made it an ideal component for ceramic anode formulations used in oxygen generation and solid oxide fuel cell applications. Catalytic nickel is used to hydrogenate vegetable oils. Nickel additions to glass and ceramic glazes impart a bright green. It is also used in pigments for this purpose. Nickel information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. Nickel was first discovered by Alex Constedt in 1751. The name originates from the German word 'kupfernickel' which means false copper from the illusory copper color of the ore. See Nickel research below.
Copper is a Block D, Group 11, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Copper's shells is 2, 8, 18, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s1. In its elemental form copper's CAS number is 7440-50-8. The copper atom has a radius of 127.8 .pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 140.pm. Copper is an essential trace element in animals and plants, but in excess copper is toxic. Due to its high electrical conductivity, large amounts of copper are used by the electrical industry for wire. Of all pure metals, only silver has a higher electrical conductivity. Copper is also resistant to corrosion caused by moisture, making it a widely used material in pipes, coins, and jewelry. Copper is often too soft for its applications, so it is incorporated in numerous alloys. For example, brass is a copper-zinc alloy, and bronze is a copper-tin alloy. Copper sulfate (CuSO 4·H2O), also known as blue vitrol, is the most well-known copper compound. It is used as an agricultural poison, an algicide, and as a pigment for inks. Cuprous chloride (CuCl) is a powder used to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). Copper cyanide (CuCN) is often used in electroplating applications. Copper is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Copper was first discovered by Early Man. The origin of the word copper comes from the Latin word 'cuprium' which translates as "metal of Cyprus". Cyprus, a Mediterranean island, was known as an ancient source of mined copper. See Copper research below.
Silicon is a Block P, Group 14, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Silicon's shells is 2, 8, 4 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p2. In its elemental form silicon's CAS number is 7440-21-3. The silicon atom has a radius of 117.6.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 210.pm. Silicon is not toxic but can cause chronic respiratory problems if inhaled as a fine silica or silicate dust. Asbestos silicates are carcinogenic. Silicon is one of man's most useful elements. It makes up 25.7% of the earth's crust, by weight, and is the second most abundant element, being exceeded only by oxygen. The Czochralski process is commonly used to produce single crystals of silicon used for solid-state or semiconductor devices. Silica, as sand, is a principal ingredient of glass, one of the most inexpensive of materials with excellent mechanical, optical, thermal, and electrical properties. Silicon is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Ultra high purity silicon can be doped with boron, gallium, phosphorus , or arsenic to produce silicon for use in transistors, solar cells, rectifiers, and other solid-state devices which are used extensively in the electronics and space-age industries. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon has shown promise in producing economical cells for converting solar energy into electricity. Silcones are important products of silicon. They range from liquids to hard, glasslike solids with many useful properties. Silicon was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1823. The name Silicon originates from the Latin word "silex" which means flint or hard stone. See Silicon research below.
Flame synthesis of carbon nano-onions enhanced by
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Structural and functional role of nickel ions in
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Determination of Nickel(II) by CTAB Sensitized Fluorescence
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Combined aging
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In situ electron paramagnetic resonance: a unique tool for
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Physician-patient Agreement In The
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The TetR-type transcriptional
regulator FasR of Corynebacterium glutamicum controls genes of lipid synthesis
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Amperometric
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In vitro validation of flow measurements in an aortic nitinol
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Abnormal electrochemical
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Dur3 is the
major urea transporter in Candida albicans and is co-regulated with the urea
amidolyase Dur1,2. Navarathna DH, Das A, Morschhaeuser J, Nickerson KW, Roberts DD. Microbiology. 2010 Sep 30. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
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Evaluation of the biotic ligand model to
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Cell membrane modification for rapid display of
bi-functional peptides: a novel approach to reduce complement activation. Goga L, Perez-Abadia G, Pushpakumar SB, Cramer D, Yan J, Todnem N, Anderson
G, Soni C, Barker J, Maldonado C. Open
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Computational modeling of the mechanism of urease.
Carlsson H, Nordlander E. Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2010. pii: 364891. Epub 2010 Sep 20. PubMed PMID: 20886006.
A practical guide to the use of monolayer
purification and affinity grids. Kelly DF, Dukovski D, Walz T. Methods Enzymol. 2010;481:83-107. PubMed PMID:
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Booster
biocides and microfouling. Fay F, Linossier I, Carteau D, Dheilly A, Silkina A, Vallee-Rehel K. Biofouling. 2010 Oct;26(7):787-98. PubMed PMID:
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Label-Free Detection of Lectins on Carbohydrate-Modified
Boron-Doped Diamond Surfaces. Szunerits S, Niedzio?lka-Jo?nsson J, Boukherroub R, Woisel P, Baumann JS,
Siriwardena A. Anal Chem. 2010 Sep 9. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed
PMID: 20828205.
Conserved and novel functions for
Arabidopsis MIA40 in assembly of proteins in mitochondria and peroxisomes. Carrie C, Giraud E, Duncan O, Xu L, Wang Y, Huang S, Clifton R, Murcha M,
Filipovska A, Rackham O, Vrielink A, Whelan J. J Biol
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Metomyl Degradation by Electro-Fenton and
Electro-Fenton-Like Processes: A Kinetics Study of the Effect of the Nature and
Concentration of Some Transition Metal Ions As Catalyst. Oturan N, Zhou M, Oturan MA. J Phys Chem A. 2010 Sep
9. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20828190.
Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of ?-Amino Imides
from Tertiary Amines: Ugi-Type Three-Component Assemblies Involving Direct
Functionalization of sp(3) C-Hs Adjacent to Nitrogen Atoms. Ye X, Xie C, Pan Y, Han L, Xie T. Org Lett. 2010 Sep 9.
[Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20828188.
Asymmetric
Diels-Alder and Inverse-Electron-Demand Hetero-Diels-Alder Reactions of
?,?-Unsaturated ?-Ketoesters with Cyclopentadiene Catalyzed by N,N'-Dioxide
Copper(II) Complex. Zhu Y, Chen X, Xie M, Dong S, Qiao Z, Lin L, Liu X, Feng X. Chemistry. 2010 Sep 8. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
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Prevalence of heavy metal resistance in bacteria
isolated from tannery effluents and affected soil. Alam MZ, Ahmad S, Malik A. Environ Monit Assess. 2010 Sep
8. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20824329.
Pyridine Activation via
Copper(I)-Catalyzed Annulation toward Indolizines. Barluenga J, Lonzi G, Riesgo L, Lo?pez LA, Toma?s M. J Am Chem Soc. 2010 Sep 8.
[Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20825189.
Reactive Adsorption of Ammonia on Cu-Based
MOF/Graphene Composites. Petit C, Mendoza B, Bandosz TJ. Langmuir. 2010 Sep 8. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
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Preparation and characterisation of divalent hard
and soft metal (M = Ca, Co, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg and Pb) complexes of
1,10-dithia-18-crown-6: structural versatility. Park IH, Park KM, Lee SS. Dalton Trans. 2010 Sep 7. [Epub
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Polynuclear
complexes of macrocyclic oxamide with 5-sulfosalicylate: syntheses, crystal
structures and magnetic properties. Sun YQ, Fan LL, Gao DZ, Wang QL, Du M, Liao DZ, Zhang CX. Dalton Trans. 2010 Sep 7. [Epub ahead of
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Effects of feeding urea
and copper sulphate in different combinations on live body weight, carcass
weight, percent weight to body weight of different organs and histopathological
tissue changes in broilers. Shahzad MN, Javed MT, Shabir S, Irfan M, Hussain R. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2010 Sep 7. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 20829007.
Automatic
trace metal monitoring station use for early warning and short term events in
polluted rivers: application to streams loaded by mining tailing. Lourino-Cabana B, Iftekhar S, Billon G, Mikkelsen O, Ouddane B. J Environ
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The cellular redox state as a modulator in
cadmium and copper responses in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Cuypers A, Karen S, Jos R, Kelly O, Els K, Tony R, Nele H, Nathalie V, Suzy
VS, Frank VB, Yves G, Jan C, Jaco V. J Plant Physiol.
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Copper tolerance and response of
antioxidative enzymes in axenically grown Brassica juncea (L.) plants. Singh S, Singh S, Ramachandran V, Eapen S. Ecotoxicol
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Comparative analysis of plasmids in the genus listeria. Kuenne C, Voget S, Pischimarov J, Oehm S, Goesmann A, Daniel R, Hain T,
Chakraborty T. PLoS One.
2010 Sep 2;5(9). pii: e12511. PubMed PMID: 20824078; PubMed Central PMCID:
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Changes in the Daphnia magna midgut upon ingestion of copper oxide nanoparticles:
A transmission electron microscopy study. Heinlaan M, Kahru A, Kasemets K, Arbeille B, Prensier G, Dubourguier HC. Water Res. 2010 Aug 21. [Epub ahead of
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Emergency contraception: past, present and future. Cremer M, Masch R. Minerva
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[Study on the in-depth composition of beads
formed by fuse breaking of electric wire at different oxygen concentrations by
Auger electron spectroscopy]. Gao W, Wu Y, Liu SJ, Wang LT. Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2010
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Screening metagenomic libraries for laccase
activities. Ferrer M, Beloqui A, Golyshin PN. Methods Mol Biol. 2010;668:189-202. PubMed PMID: 20830565.
Desymmetrization of 7-dimethylphenylsilylcycloheptatriene. Towards the synthesis of new aminocycloheptitols.
Girard E, Desvergnes V, Tarnus C, Landais Y.
Org Biomol Chem. 2010 Oct 13. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20941452 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Enzyme-functionalized polymer brush films on the inner wall of silicon-glass microreactors with tunable biocatalytic activity.
Costantini F, Benetti EM, Reinhoudt DN, Huskens J, Vancso GJ, Verboom W.
Lab Chip. 2010 Oct 13. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20941436 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Wavelength-tunable excited-state absorption and optical limiting effects in the Q band region based on silicon phthalocyanine oligomers.
Ishii K, Sakai N.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2010 Oct 13. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20941425 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Role of near-field enhancement in plasmonic laser nanoablation using gold nanorods on a silicon substrate.
Harrison RK, Ben-Yakar A.
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Ultrafast all-optical modulator with femtojoule absorbed switching energy in silicon-on-insulator.
Schönenberger S, Stöferle T, Moll N, Mahrt RF, Dahlem MS, Wahlbrink T, Bolten J, Mollenhauer T, Kurz H, Offrein BJ.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):22485-96. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.022485.PMID: 20941147 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
The observation of super-long range surface plasmon polaritons modes and its application as sensory devices.
Zhang XL, Song JF, Lo GQ, Kwong DL.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):22462-70. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.022462.PMID: 20941145 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Silicon photonic temperature sensor?employing a ring resonator manufactured?using a standard CMOS process.
Kim GD, Lee HS, Park CH, Lee SS, Lim BT, Bae HK, Lee WG.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):22215-21. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.022215.PMID: 20941123 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Highly efficient nonlinearity reduction in silicon-on-insulator waveguides using vertical slots.
Yue Y, Zhang L, Wang J, Beausoleil RG, Willner AE.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):22061-6. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.022061.PMID: 20941107 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Quantitative evaluation of boron-induced disorder in multilayers containing silicon nanocrystals in an oxide matrix designed for photovoltaic applications.
Zatryb G, Podhorodecki A, Hao XJ, Misiewicz J, Shen YS, Green MA.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):22004-9. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.022004.PMID: 20941101 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Discrete parametric band conversion in silicon for mid-infrared applications.
Tien EK, Huang Y, Gao S, Song Q, Qian F, Kalyoncu SK, Boyraz O.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):21981-9. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.021981.PMID: 20941099 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Split of surface plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles on silicon substrate: a study of dielectric functions.
Zhu S, Chen TP, Cen ZH, Goh ES, Yu SF, Liu YC, Liu Y.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):21926-31. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.021926.PMID: 20941092 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Solution-processed photodetectors from colloidal silicon nano/micro particle composite.
Tu CC, Tang L, Huang J, Voutsas A, Lin LY.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):21622-7. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.021622.PMID: 20941060 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
FDTD modeling of anisotropic nonlinear optical phenomena in silicon waveguides.
Dissanayake CM, Premaratne M, Rukhlenko ID, Agrawal GP.
Opt Express. 2010 Sep 27;18(20):21427-48. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.021427.PMID: 20941040 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Multi-channel WDM RZ-to-NRZ format conversion at 50 Gbit/s based on single silicon microring resonator.
Ding Y, Peucheret C, Pu M, Zsigri B, Seoane J, Liu L, Xu J, Ou H, Zhang X, Huang D.
Opt Express. 2010 Sep 27;18(20):21121-30. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.021121.PMID: 20941008 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
The effect of beverage preparation method on aluminium content in coffee infusions.
Franková A, Drábek O, Havlík J, Száková J, Vanek A.
J Inorg Biochem. 2009 Aug 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19748677 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Acid generation upon thermal concentration of natural water: The critical water content and the effects of ionic composition.
Pulvirenti AL, Needham KM, Adel-Hadadi MA, Marks CR, Gorman JA, Shettel DL, Barkatt A.
J Contam Hydrol. 2009 Aug 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19748152 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Ferromagnetic Mesostructured Alloys: Design of Ordered Mesostructured Alloys with Multicomponent Metals from Lyotropic Liquid Crystals.
Yamauchi Y, Komatsu M, Fuziwara M, Nemoto Y, Sato K, Yokoshima T, Sukegawa H, Inomata K, Kuroda K.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2009 Sep 10. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.
PMID: 19746376 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
First obtaining of glass solutions and phase diagram of glucose with fully tunable anomeric concentration.
Dujardin N, Willart JF, Dudognon E, Danède F, Descamps M.
J Pharm Sci. 2009 Sep 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19739111 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effect of casting atmosphere on the shear bond strength of a ceramic to Ni-Cr and Ni-Cr-Be alloys.
Pagnano VO, Esquivel Mde C, Leal MB, Felipucci DN, Bezzon OL.
Braz Dent J. 2009;20(2):138-42.
PMID: 19738947 [PubMed - in process]
Sources, nature, and fate of heavy metal-bearing particles in the sewer system.
Houhou J, Lartiges BS, Montarges-Pelletier E, Sieliechi J, Ghanbaja J, Kohler A.
Sci Total Environ. 2009 Sep 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19735936 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Cobalt toxicity: chemical and radiological combined effects on HaCaT keratinocyte cell line.
Gault N, Sandre C, Poncy JL, Moulin C, Lefaix JL, Bresson C.
Toxicol In Vitro. 2009 Sep 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19735721 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Structural and Architectural Evaluation of Bimetallic Nanoparticles: A Case Study of Pt-Ru Core-Shell and Alloy Nanoparticles.
Alayoglu S, Zavalij P, Eichhorn B, Wang Q, Frenkel AI, Chupas P.
ACS Nano. 2009 Sep 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19731934 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Study of metallic components of historical organ pipes using synchrotron radiation X-ray microfluorescence imaging and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction.
Herrera LK, Justo A, Muñoz-Páez A, Sans JA, Martínez-Criado G.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2009 Sep 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19730830 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The effect of alkaline phosphatase coated onto titanium alloys on bone responses in rats.
Schouten C, van den Beucken JJ, de Jonge LT, Bronkhorst EM, Meijer GJ, Spauwen PH, Jansen JA.
Biomaterials. 2009 Aug 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19717187 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A rapid isotope ratio analysis protocol for nuclear solid materials using nano-second laser-ablation time-of-flight ICP-MS.
Bürger S, Riciputi LR.
J Environ Radioact. 2009 Nov;100(11):970-6. Epub 2009 Aug 27.
PMID: 19716213 [PubMed - in process]
Norepinephrine: Material-Independent, Multifunctional Surface Modification Reagent.
Kang SM, Rho J, Choi IS, Messersmith PB, Lee H.
J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Aug 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19715340 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Selecting the right temporary cement.
Abrams SH.
Dent Today. 2009 Aug;28(8):108, 110-1. No abstract available.
PMID: 19715073 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Biomimetic Modification of Porous TiNbZr Alloy Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering.
Wang X, Li Y, Hodgson PD, Wen C.
Tissue Eng Part A. 2009 Aug 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19705960 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Ionic liquids as advanced lubricant fluids.
Bermúdez MD, Jiménez AE, Sanes J, Carrión FJ.
Molecules. 2009 Aug 4;14(8):2888-908.
PMID: 19701132 [PubMed - in process]
Invited commentary.
Rasmussen TE.
J Vasc Surg. 2009 Sep;50(3):548. No abstract available.
PMID: 19700092 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of intervertebral test spacers: an experimental comparison of magnesium versus titanium and carbon fiber reinforced polymers as biomaterials.
Ernstberger T, Buchhorn G, Heidrich G.
Ir J Med Sci. 2009 Aug 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19693644 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Ultrasonic irradiation and its application for improving the corrosion resistance of phosphate coatings on aluminum alloys.
Sheng M, Wang C, Zhong Q, Wei Y, Wang Y.
Ultrason Sonochem. 2010 Jan;17(1):21-5. Epub 2009 Aug 6.
PMID: 19692286 [PubMed - in process]
Plasma reduction of bronze corrosion developed under long-term artificial ageing.
Novakovic J, Papadopoulou O, Vassiliou P, Filippaki E, Bassiakos Y.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2009 Aug 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19685234 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
First-principles studies on alloying and simplified thermodynamic aqueous chemical stability of calcium-, zinc-, aluminum-, yttrium- and iron-doped magnesium alloys.
Velikokhatnyi OI, Kumta PN.
Acta Biomater. 2009 Aug 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19683600 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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