American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopeia/British Pharmacopeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. American Elements specializes in producing high purity Titanium Selenide Sputtering targets with the highest possible density and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes nanoparticles. We also produce Titanium as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request.
Titanium is a Block D, Group 4, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Titanium's shells is 2, 8, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d2 4s2. In its elemental form titanium's CAS number is 7440-32-6. The titanium atom has a radius of 144.8.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Titanium metal is not considered to be toxic although titanium as metal shavings or powder is considered a fire hazard. In its metallic form it is not only very strong and light weight, but also highly resistant to corrosion. Thus it can be found in numerous aerospace and military applications. In its oxide form it used in low grades to produce a white pigment. Titanium is the bases for numerous commercially essential compound groups, such as titanium titanates in electronic and di-electric formulations and in crystal growth for ruby and sapphire lasers. Titanium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy , abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. Titanium was first discovered by William Gregor in 1791. Titanium was named after the word Titanos which is Greek for Titans. See Titanium research below.
Selenium is a Block P, Group 16, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Selenium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 6 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4. In its elemental form selenium's CAS number is 7782-49-2. The selenium atom has a radius of 116.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 190.pm. The EPA does not classify selenium as carcinogenic, although selenium sulfide is a probable carcinogen. Selenates and selenites which are compounds of selenium, are highly toxic. Hydrogen selenide gas (SeH2) is the most acutely toxic compound of selenium. Selenium exhibits both photovoltaic action, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photoconductive action, where the electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination. of photocells and exposure meters for photographic use, as well as solar cells. Below its melting point, selenium is a p-type semiconductor and has many uses in electronic and solid-state applications. Selenium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Selenium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1817. The origin of the name Selenium comes from the Greek word "Selênê" meaning moon. See selenium research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Effect of surface treatments on the bond strength of a resin cement to commercially pure titanium.
Almeida-Júnior AA, Fonseca RG, Haneda IG, Abi-Rached Fde O, Adabo GL.
Braz Dent J. 2010;21(2):111-6.
PMID: 20640356 [PubMed - in process]
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Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticle aggregate size on gene expression.
Okuda-Shimazaki J, Takaku S, Kanehira K, Sonezaki S, Taniguchi A.
Int J Mol Sci. 2010 Jun 7;11(6):2383-92.
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Enhancement of endoprosthesis anchoring using BMP-2.
Thorey F, Menzel H, Lorenz C, Gross G, Hoffmann A, Windhagen H.
Technol Health Care. 2010 Jan 1;18(3):217-29.
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The effect of high intensity ultrasound on the loading of Au nanoparticles into titanium dioxide.
Belova V, Borodina T, Möhwald H, Shchukin DG.
Ultrason Sonochem. 2010 Jul 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 20638889 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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The effect of a slow mode of BMP-2 delivery on the inflammatory response provoked by bone-defect-filling polymeric scaffolds.
Wu G, Liu Y, Iizuka T, Hunziker EB.
Biomaterials. 2010 Jul 17. [Epub ahead of print]
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[Surgical fixation of rib fractures with clips and titanium bars (STRATOS System). Preliminary experience.]
Moreno De La Santa Barajas P, Polo Otero MD, Delgado Sánchez-Gracián C, Lozano Gómez M, Toscano Novella A, Calatayud Moscoso Del Prado J, Leal Ruiloba S, Choren Durán ML.
Cir Esp. 2010 Jul 16. [Epub ahead of print] Spanish.
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A microfluidic device integrated with multichamber polymerase chain reaction and multichannel separation for genetic analysis.
Pan X, Jiang L, Liu K, Lin B, Qin J.
Anal Chim Acta. 2010 Jul 26;674(1):110-115. Epub 2010 Jun 12.
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Mechanism of Escherichia coli inactivation on palladium-modified nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide.
Wu P, Imlay JA, Shang JK.
Biomaterials. 2010 Jul 14. [Epub ahead of print]
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A novel method for lateral callus distraction and its importance for the mechano-biology of bone-formation.
Claes L, Veeser A, Göckelmann M, Horvath D, Dürselen L, Ignatius A.
Bone. 2010 Jul 13. [Epub ahead of print]
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Onlay bone grafting of the mandible after periosteal expansion with an osmotic tissue expander: an experimental study in rabbits.
Abrahamsson P, Isaksson S, Gordh M, Andersson G.
Clin Oral Implants Res. 2010 Jul 18. [Epub ahead of print]
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Adhesion pattern and growth of primary human osteoblastic cells on five commercially available titanium surfaces.
Passeri G, Cacchioli A, Ravanetti F, Galli C, Elezi E, Macaluso GM.
Clin Oral Implants Res. 2010 Jul;21(7):756-65.
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Cement thickness at implant-supported single-tooth Lava assemblies: a scanning electron microscopic investigation.
Apicella D, Veltri M, Chieffi N, Balleri P, Ferrari M.
Clin Oral Implants Res. 2010 Jul;21(7):747-50.
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Biofunctionalization of titanium implants with a biomimetic active peptide (P-15) promotes early osseointegration.
Lutz R, Srour S, Nonhoff J, Weisel T, Damien CJ, Schlegel KA.
Clin Oral Implants Res. 2010 Jul;21(7):726-34.
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Bending characteristics of polymethylmethacrylate columns, connecting bars of carbon fiber, titanium, and stainless steel used in external skeletal fixation and an acrylic interface.
Amsellem PM, Egger EL, Wilson DL.
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[Fracture behavior of mandibular premolars with flared root canals restored with different post-and-core systems and root rehabilitation]
Liu CL, Gao X, Lan J, Ji P.
Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2010 Jun;28(3):286-9. Chinese.
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[Detection and monitoring of enamel early caries in vivo using red fluorescence analysis by quantitative light-induced fluorescence method]
Liu X, Luo XP, Wang N, Zhu L.
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[Effect of fluoride ion on corrosion of two dental titanium alloys]
Cao BW, Chen L.
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An evaluation of fracture stabilization comparing kyphoplasty and titanium mesh repair techniques for vertebral compression fractures: is bone cement necessary?
Ghofrani H, Nunn T, Robertson C, Mahar A, Lee Y, Garfin S.
Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010 Jul 15;35(16):E768-73.
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Enhanced initial proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells on HF/HNO(3) solution treated nanostructural titanium surface.
He F, Zhang F, Yang G, Wang X, Zhao S.
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Comparison of Metal and Metal Oxide Media for Phosphopeptide Enrichment Prior to Mass Spectrometric Analyses.
Gates MB, Tomer KB, Deterding LJ.
J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 2010 Jun 19. [Epub ahead of print]
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Recent Research & Development for Selenium
Selenoprotein K binds multi-protein complexes and is involved in the regulation of ER homeostasis.
Shchedrina VA, Everley RA, Zhang Y, Gygi SP, Hatfield DL, Gladyshev VN.
J Biol Chem. 2011 Oct 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22016385
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Catalytic activity of selenomethionine in removing amino acid, peptide, and protein hydroperoxides.
Suryo Rahmanto A, Davies MJ.
Free Radic Biol Med. 2011 Oct 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22015433
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Combination of chemometrically assisted voltammetry, calorimetry, and circular dichroism as a new method for the study of bioinorganic substances: application to selenocystine metal complexes.
Gusmão R, Prohens R, Díaz-Cruz JM, Ariño C, Esteban M.
J Biol Inorg Chem. 2011 Oct 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22015398
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Marine and farmed fish on the Polish market: Comparison of the nutritive value and human exposure to PCDD/Fs and other contaminants.
Szlinder-Richert J, Usydus Z, Malesa-Ciecwierz M, Polak-Juszczak L, Ruczynska W.
Chemosphere. 2011 Oct 17. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22014661
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Dietary selenium reduces retention of methyl mercury in freshwater fish.
Bjerregaard P, Fjordside S, Hansen MG, Petrova MB.
Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Oct 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22014184
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Plant and fungal food components with potential activity on the development of microbial oral diseases.
Daglia M, Papetti A, Mascherpa D, Grisoli P, Giusto G, Lingström P, Pratten J, Signoretto C, Spratt DA, Wilson M, Zaura E, Gazzani G.
J Biomed Biotechnol. 2011;2011:274578. Epub 2011 Oct 17.
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22013381
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Selenium, selenoproteins and the thyroid gland: interactions in health and disease.
Schomburg L.
Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011 Oct 18. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2011.174. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22009156
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Selenium inhibits migration of murine melanoma cells via down-modulation of IL-18 expression.
Song H, Kim J, Lee HK, Park HJ, Nam J, Park GB, Kim YS, Cho D, Hur DY.
Int Immunopharmacol. 2011 Oct 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22008306
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Detection, Identification, and Quantification of Selenoproteins in a Candidate Human Plasma Standard Reference Material.
Ballihaut G, Kilpatrick LE, Davis WC.
Anal Chem. 2011 Oct 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22007999
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Severe pre-eclampsia is associated with abnormal trace elements concentrations in maternal and fetal blood.
Katz O, Paz-Tal O, Lazer T, Aricha-Tamir B, Mazor M, Wiznitzer A, Sheiner E.
J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011 Oct 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22007865
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effects of Selenium Supplements on Cancer Prevention: Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Lee EH, Myung SK, Jeon YJ, Kim Y, Chang YJ, Ju W, Seo HG, Huh BY.
Nutr Cancer. 2011 Oct 17. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22004275
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Study of the correlation of serum selenium level with Behcet's disease.
Esalatmanesh K, Jamshidi A, Shahram F, Davatchi F, Masoud SA, Soleimani Z, Salesi M, Ghaffarpasand I.
Int J Rheum Dis. 2011 Oct;14(4):375-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-185X.2011.01649.x. Epub 2011 Sep 5.
PMID:
22004235
[PubMed - in process]
Multi-metal(loid) methylation in methanoarchaea is linked to central intermediates of methanogenesis.
Thomas F, Diaz-Bone RA, Wuerfel O, Huber B, Weidenbach K, Schmitz RA, Hensel R.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22003009
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The Effects of Di(2-Ethylhexyl)Phthalate Exposure and Selenium Nutrition on Sertoli Cell Vimentin Structure and Germ-Cell Apoptosis in Rat Testis.
Erkekoglu P, Zeybek ND, Giray B, Asan E, Hincal F.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011 Oct 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22002783
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A superoxide anion-scavenger, 1,3-selenazolidin-4-one suppresses serum deprivation-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells by activating MAP kinase.
Nishina A, Kimura H, Kozawa K, Sommen G, Nakamura T, Heimgartner H, Koketsu M, Furukawa S.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011 Oct 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22001386
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Nutrition, dietary supplements and adenocarcinoma of the prostate.
Schultz C, Meier M, Schmid HP.
Maturitas. 2011 Oct 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22001108
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Interactions of Cu(I) with Selenium-Containing Amino Acids Determined by NMR, XAS, and DFT Studies.
Wang HC, Riahi M, Pothen J, Bayse CA, Riggs-Gelasco P, Brumaghim JL.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21999616
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effects of Basal Media and Supplements on Diethylstilbestrol-Treated Immature Mouse Primary Granulosa Cell Growth and Regulation of Steroidogenesis In Vitro.
Ding T, Luo A, Yang S, Lai Z, Wang Y, Shen W, Jiang J, Lu Y, Ma D, Wang S.
Reprod Domest Anim. 2011 Oct 15. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01879.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21999365
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Demographic and lifestyle factors and selenium levels in men and women in the U.S.
Park K, Rimm E, Siscovick D, Spiegelman D, Morris JS, Mozaffarian D.
Nutr Res Pract. 2011 Aug;5(4):357-64. Epub 2011 Aug 31.
PMID:
21994531
[PubMed - in process]
New group 11 complexes with metal-selenium bonds of methyldiphenylphosphane selenide: a solid state, solution and theoretical investigation.
Pop A, Silvestru A, Gimeno MC, Laguna A, Kulcsar M, Arca M, Lippolis V, Pintus A.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Oct 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21993712
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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