American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopeia/British Pharmacopeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. American Elements specializes in producing high purity Vanadium Iron Sputtering Targets with the highest possible density and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes such as nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and in the form of solutions and organometallics. We also produce Vanadium as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request.
Vanadium is a Block D, Group 5, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Vanadium's shells is 2, 8, 11, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d3 4s2. In its elemental form vanadium's CAS number is 7440-62-2. The vanadium atom has a radius of 131.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Several vanadium compounds are toxic to some creatures despite the fact that it is an essential trace element. Vanadium is highly resistant to corrosion, so it is commonly used to alloy stainless steel grades. Vanadium compounds are used in advanced ceramics. Vanadium is a petrochemical cracking catalyst. Vanadium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Vanadium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties , research , applications and other useful facts are discussed here . Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy , abundance on Earth , conductivity and thermal properties are included. Vanadium was first discovered in Mexico City by Andres Manuel del Rio, a Spanish born and European educated Mexican mineralogist, in 1801. In honor of its beautiful multi-colored compounds, Vanadium was named after the word "Vanadis" meaning goddess of beauty in Scandinavian mythology. See Vanadium research below.
Iron is a Block D, Group 8, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Iron's shells is 2, 8, 14, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d6 4s2. In its elemental form iron's CAS number is 7439-89-6. The iron atom has a radius of 124.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Iron is not toxic. Iron is the most commonly used metal for commercial applications due to its hardness, historical availability and low cost. Once used on its own, it is now alloyed with nickel and other elements to produce steel and other high strength, non-corrosive structural metals. Iron as a metal and as its many compounds has numerous uses. It is a primary colorant in glass and ceramics. It is a catalyst. It is the basis for low grade magnets and because of its magnetic properties is used extensively in memory tape. Recent applications for Iron nanoparticles include in water treatment of carbon tetrachloride in contaminated groundwater, magnetic data storage and resonance imaging (MRI) and in certain alloy and catalyst applications. Iron can also be introduced into processes using iron foil, pellets, rod and wire by thin film Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) processes including Thermal and Electron Beam (E-Beam) Evaporation, Low Temperature Organic Evaporation, Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), Organometallic and Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) for specific applications such as fuel cells and solar energy. Iron is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Iron was first discovered by Early Man.See Iron research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Distorted cubic tetranuclear vanadium(iv) phosphonate cages: double-four-ring (D4R) containing transition metal ion phosphonate cages.
Chandrasekhar V, Dey A, Senapati T, Sañudo EC.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Nov 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22071886
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Bioavailability, tissue distribution and hypoglycaemic effect of vanadium in magnesium-deficient rats.
Sánchez C, Torres M, Bermúdez-Peña MC, Aranda P, Montes-Bayón M, Sanz-Medel A, Llopis J.
Magnes Res. 2011 Nov 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22068015
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
An alternative path for the evolution of biological nitrogen fixation.
Boyd ES, Hamilton TL, Peters JW.
Front Microbiol. 2011;2:205. Epub 2011 Oct 5.
PMID:
22065963
[PubMed]
(4-Bromo-2-{[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl-imino]-meth-yl}phenolato)dioxido-vanadium(V).
Wang CY, Wu X, Cao F, Yuan CJ.
Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Oct 1;67(Pt 10):m1330. Epub 2011 Sep 14.
PMID:
22065600
[PubMed]
A new mixed group 5 metal selenide, Nb(1.41)V(0.59)Se(9).
Lee E, Yun H.
Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Sep 1;67(Pt 9):i50. Epub 2011 Aug 27.
PMID:
22064790
[PubMed]
Catalytic dehydration of xylose to furfural: vanadyl pyrophosphate as source of active soluble species.
Sádaba I, Lima S, Valente AA, López Granados M.
Carbohydr Res. 2011 Oct 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22055820
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Chemical speciation of vanadium in particulate matter emitted from diesel vehicles and urban atmospheric aerosols.
Shafer MM, Toner B, Overdier J, Schauer JJ, Fakra SC, Herner J, Hu S, Ayala A.
Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Nov 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22050708
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis of Tunable Unsubstituted Polythiophene.
Nejati S, Lau KK.
Langmuir. 2011 Nov 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22047472
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
VCl(3) catalyzed imine-based multicomponent reactions for the facile access of functionalized tetrahydropyridines and ß-amino carbonyls.
Pal S, Choudhury LH, Parvin T.
Mol Divers. 2011 Nov 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22042610
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Interplay between the structural and magnetic probes in the elucidation of the structure of a novel 2D layered [V(4)O(4)(OH)(2)(O(2)CC(6)H(4)CO(2))(4)]·DMF.
Djerdj I, Skapin SD, Ceh M, Jaglicic Z, Pajic D, Kozlevcar B, Orel B, Orel ZC.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Oct 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22042096
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Interdigitating Organic Bilayers Direct the Short Interlayer Spacing in Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Layered Vanadium Oxide Nanostructures.
Gannon GT, O'Dwyer CP, Larsson JA, Thompson D.
J Phys Chem B. 2011 Oct 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22040010
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Hepatic megalocytosis due to vanadium inhalation: participation of oxidative stress.
Cano-Gutiérrez G, Acevedo-Nava S, Santamaría A, Altamirano-Lozano M, Cano-Rodríguez MC, Fortoul TI.
Toxicol Ind Health. 2011 Oct 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22033424
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Recent perspectives into biochemistry of decavanadate.
Aureliano M, Fct, Algarve UO, Gambelas, Faro 8, Portugal.
World J Biol Chem. 2011 Oct 26;2(10):215-225.
PMID:
22031844
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Association between plate location and plate removal following facial fracture repair.
Kubota Y, Kuroki T, Akita S, Koizumi T, Hasegawa M, Rikihisa N, Mitsukawa N, Satoh K.
J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2011 Oct 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22030077
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Vanadium Oxide Nanotube Spherical Clusters Prepared on Carbon Fabrics for Energy Storage Applications.
Perera SD, Patel B, Bonso J, Grunewald M, Ferraris JP, Balkus KJ.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2011 Nov 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22029527
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Exchange Interactions Through p-p Stacking in the Lamellar Compound [{Cu(bipy)(en)}{Cu(bipy)(H(2)O)}{VO(3)}(4)](n).
Venegas-Yazigi D, Brown KA, Vega A, Calvo R, Aliaga C, Santana RC, Cardoso-Gil R, Kniep R, Schnelle W, Spodine E.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Oct 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22026723
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
MCM-41 supported oxo-vanadium(IV) complex: A highly selective heterogeneous catalyst for bromination of hydroxy aromatic compounds in water.
Bhunia S, Saha D, Koner S.
Langmuir. 2011 Oct 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22026477
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electronic Properties of Vanadium-Doped TiO(2).
Islam MM, Bredow T, Gerson A.
Chemphyschem. 2011 Oct 24. doi: 10.1002/cphc.201100557. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22025455
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Design and Redox Function of Conjugated Complexes with Polyanilines or Quinonediimines.
Moriuchi T, Hirao T.
Acc Chem Res. 2011 Oct 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22023138
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The Tetrahydrometalate Species VH2(H2), NbH4, and TaH4: Matrix Infrared Spectra and Quantum Chemical Calculations.
Wang X, Andrews L.
J Phys Chem A. 2011 Oct 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22017260
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Recent Research & Development for Iron
Cytochrome b mutation Y268S conferring the atovaquone resistance phenotype in the malaria parasite results in reduced parasite bc1 catalytic turnover and protein expression.
Fisher N, Abd Majid R, Antoine T, Al-Helal M, Warman AJ, Johnson DJ, Lawrenson AS, Ranson H, O'Neill PM, Ward SA, Biagini GA.
J Biol Chem. 2012 Jan 26. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22282497
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Serum ferritin levels and endocrinopathy in medically treated patients with ß thalassemia major.
Belhoul KM, Bakir ML, Saned MS, Kadhim AM, Musallam KM, Taher AT.
Ann Hematol. 2012 Jan 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22281991
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Iron supplementation to treat anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease.
Besarab A, Coyne DW.
Nat Rev Nephrol. 2012 Jan 27;8(2):63. doi: 10.1038/nrneph.2011.217. No abstract available.
PMID:
22281971
[PubMed - in process]
Anemia in Critical Illness: Insights into Etiology, Consequences and Management.
Hayden SJ, Albert TJ, Watkins TR, Swenson ER.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Jan 26. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22281832
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
IRON fMRI measurements of CBV and implications for BOLD signal.
Mandeville JB.
Neuroimage. 2012 Jan 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22281669
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Fatal idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis in association with pregnancy - Medico-legal evaluation.
Töro K, Herjavecz I, Vereckei E, Kovács M.
J Forensic Leg Med. 2012 Feb;19(2):101-104. Epub 2011 Oct 24.
PMID:
22281220
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Reduction of Fe(III)EDTA(-) in a NO(x) scrubbing solution by magnetic Fe(3)O(4)-chitosan microspheres immobilized mixed culture of iron-reducing bacteria.
Jing G, Zhou J, Zhou Z, Lin T.
Bioresour Technol. 2011 Dec 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22281145
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Reactive oxygen species are involved in ferroportin degradation induced by ceruloplasmin mutant Arg701Trp.
Persichini T, Francesco GD, Capone C, Cutone A, Bonaccorsi di Patti MC, Colasanti M, Musci G.
Neurochem Int. 2012 Jan 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22281056
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effects of hypoxic preconditioning on the expression of iron influx and efflux proteins in primary neuron culture.
Du F, Fan M, Gong Q, Zhu LL, Zhu ZJ, Lu L, Ke Y.
Neurochem Int. 2012 Jan 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22281055
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Iron deposition of the deep grey matter in patients with multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica: A control quantitative study by 3D-enhanced susceptibility-weighted angiography (ESWAN).
Chen X, Zeng C, Luo T, Ouyang Y, Lv F, Rumzan R, Wang Z, Li Q, Wang J, Hou H, Huang F, Li Y.
Eur J Radiol. 2012 Jan 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22280874
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Iron golf club with improved mass properties and vibration damping.
Roach RL.
J Acoust Soc Am. 2012 Jan;131(1):643. No abstract available.
PMID:
22280652
[PubMed - in process]
Stability analysis of ultrasound thick-shell contrast agents.
Lu X, Chahine GL, Hsiao CT.
J Acoust Soc Am. 2012 Jan;131(1):24.
PMID:
22280568
[PubMed - in process]
Role of Ureaplasma urealyticum in altering the endothelial metal concentration during preeclampsia.
Padmini E, Uthra V.
Placenta. 2012 Jan 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22280558
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A polar corundum oxide displaying weak ferromagnetism at room temperature.
Li MR, Adem U, McMitchell SR, Xu Z, Thomas CI, Warren JE, Giap DV, Niu HJ, Wan X, Palgrave RG, Schiffmann F, Cora F, Slater B, Burnett TL, Cain MG, Abakumov AM, Van Tendeloo G, Thomas MF, Rosseinsky MJ, Claridge JB.
J Am Chem Soc. 2012 Jan 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22280499
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Targeting Vascular Changes in Lesions in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.
Karlik SJ, Roscoe WA, Patinote C, Contino-Pépin C.
Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem. 2012 Jan 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22280405
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
[Transformation of copper and chromium in co-contaminated soil and its influence on bioavailability for pakchoi (Brassica chinensis)].
Wang D, Wei W, Liang DL, Wang SS, Hu B.
Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2011 Oct;32(10):3113-20. Chinese.
PMID:
22279932
[PubMed - in process]
[Distribution characteristic and assessment of soil heavy metal pollution in the iron mining of Baotou in Inner Mongolia].
Guo W, Zhao RX, Zhang J, Bao YY, Wang H, Yang M, Sun XL, Jin F.
Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2011 Oct;32(10):3099-105. Chinese.
PMID:
22279930
[PubMed - in process]
[Study of inactivating sulfate reducing bacteria with zero-valent iron nanoparticles].
Shu ZY, Wang J, Huang Y.
Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2011 Oct;32(10):3040-4. Chinese.
PMID:
22279921
[PubMed - in process]
[Combination of intersticial cystitis and adenomyosis in females suffering from chronic pelvic pain syndrome].
[No authors listed]
Urologiia. 2011 Sep-Oct;(5):10, 12-4. Russian.
PMID:
22279779
[PubMed - in process]
[Antidiabetes drug metformin is a donor of nitric oxide: ESR measurement of efficiency].
[No authors listed]
Biofizika. 2011 Nov-Dec;56(6):1125-33. Russian.
PMID:
22279758
[PubMed - in process]
Proud sponsors of Aeromat 2012. Please join us and our customers & co-sponsors Boeing and ATI on
June 18-20, 2012
in Charlotte, North Carolina
and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes such as nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and in the form of solutions and organometallics. We also produce Vanadium as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request. 
Vanadium is a Block D, Group 5, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Vanadium's shells is 2, 8, 11, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d3 4s2. In its elemental form vanadium's CAS number is 7440-62-2. The vanadium atom has a radius of 131.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Several vanadium compounds are toxic to some creatures despite the fact that it is an essential trace element. Vanadium is highly resistant to corrosion, so it is commonly used to alloy stainless steel grades. Vanadium compounds are used in advanced ceramics. Vanadium is a petrochemical cracking catalyst. Vanadium is 
available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Vanadium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties , research , applications and
other useful facts are discussed here . Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy , abundance on Earth , conductivity and thermal properties are included. Vanadium was first discovered in Mexico City by Andres Manuel del Rio, a Spanish born and European educated Mexican mineralogist, in 1801. In honor of its beautiful multi-colored compounds, Vanadium was named after the word "Vanadis" meaning goddess of beauty in Scandinavian mythology. See Vanadium research below. 
Iron is a Block D, Group 8, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Iron's shells is 2, 8, 14, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d6 4s2. In its elemental form iron's CAS number is 7439-89-6. The iron atom has a radius of 124.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Iron is not toxic. Iron is the most commonly used metal for commercial applications due to its hardness, historical availability and low cost. Once used on its own, it is now alloyed with nickel and other elements to produce steel and other high strength, non-corrosive structural metals. Iron as a metal and as its 
many compounds has numerous uses. It is a primary colorant in glass and ceramics. It is a catalyst. It is the basis for low grade magnets and because of its magnetic properties is used extensively in memory tape. Recent applications for Iron nanoparticles include
in water treatment of carbon tetrachloride in contaminated groundwater, magnetic data storage and resonance imaging (MRI) and in certain alloy and catalyst applications. Iron can also be introduced into processes using iron foil, pellets, rod and wire by thin film Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) processes including Thermal and Electron Beam (E-Beam) Evaporation, Low Temperature Organic Evaporation, Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), Organometallic and Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) for specific applications such as fuel cells and solar energy. Iron is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Iron was first discovered by Early Man.See Iron research below. 
