Iridium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
 Iridium is a member of the platinum group of metals. It is the most corrosion resistant metal known. It will not react with any acid and can only be attacked by certain molten salts, such as molten sodium chloride. It is alloyed with platinum to produce highly corrosive resistant electrical contacts for spark plugs. Iridium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder.
Highly stable low oxidizing metals such as gold, iridium, aluminum and titanium are used in a host of medical applications, such as to create body implants and in regenerative medicine.
Iridium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are
available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.
 Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Iridium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.
Iridium is a Block D, Group 9, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Iridium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 15, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2. In its elemental form iridium's CAS number is 7439-88-5. The iridium atom has a radius of 135.7.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Iridium is only slightly toxic.
All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, thin fillm deposition using sputtering targets and evaporation materials, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology applications. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Iridium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.
Iridium is found as an uncombined element and in iridium-osmium alloys. Iridium was first discovered by Smithson Tennant in 1804.
 Iridium |
 Iridium |
 Iridio |
 Irídio |
 Iridio |
 Iridium |
Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of iridium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
| Isotope |
Atomic Mass |
% Abundance on Earth |
| Ir-191 |
190.960591 |
37.3 |
| Ir-193 |
192.962924 |
62.7 |
The following table shows the abundance of Iridium present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:
| |
Typical Human Body |
Universe |
| by Weight |
no data |
2 ppb |
| by Atom |
no data |
0.01 ppb |
Safety Data and Biological Role. The safety data for iridium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Iridium compounds have no biological role.
Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for iridium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
| 1st Ionization Energy |
865.19 kJ mol-1 |
| 2nd Ionization Energy |
- kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd Ionization Energy |
- kJ mol-1 |
Conductivity. As to iridium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 5.3 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 2.2. The thermal conductivity of iridium is 147 W m-1 K-1.
Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for iridium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
| Heat of Fusion |
26.4 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
612.1 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Atomization |
664.34 kJ mol-1 |
Recent Research & Development for IridiumDetermination of the relative ligand-binding strengths in heteroleptic Ir(III) complexes by ESI-Q-TOF tandem mass spectrometry.
Altuntas E, Winter A, Baumgaertel A, Paulus RM, Ulbricht C, Crecelius AC, Risch N, Schubert US.
J Mass Spectrom. 2012 Jan;47(1):34-40. doi: 10.1002/jms.2023.
PMID:
22282087
[PubMed - in process]
Ir(3)Co(6) and Co(3)Fe(3) Dithiolene Cluster Complexes: Multiple Metal-Metal Bond Formation and Correlation between Structure and Internuclear Electronic Communication.
Tsukada S, Shibata Y, Sakamoto R, Kambe T, Ozeki T, Nishihara H.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jan 26. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22280498
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Bright Blue Phosphorescence from Cationic Bis-Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Isocyanide Complexes.
Shavaleev NM, Monti F, Costa RD, Scopelliti R, Bolink HJ, Ortí E, Accorsi G, Armaroli N, Baranoff E, Grätzel M, Nazeeruddin MK.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jan 26. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22280407
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
IrO2-Based Disperse-Phase Electrocatalysts: A Complementary Study by Means of the Cavity-Microelectrode and the ex-Situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy.
Minguzzi A, Locatelli C, Cappelletti G, Scavini M, Vertova A, Ghigna PF, Rondinini S.
J Phys Chem A. 2012 Jan 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22280059
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Synthesis and optoelectronic properties of a heterobimetallic Pt(ii)-Ir(iii) complex used as a single-component emitter in white PLEDs.
Li X, Liu Y, Luo J, Zhang Z, Shi D, Chen Q, Wang Y, He J, Li J, Lei G, Zhu W.
Dalton Trans. 2012 Jan 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22278126
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Stepwise Formation of Iridium(III) Complexes with Monocyclometalating and Dicyclometalating Phosphorus Chelates.
Lin CH, Lin CY, Hung JY, Chang YY, Chi Y, Chung MW, Chang YC, Liu C, Pan HA, Lee GH, Chou PT.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jan 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22272818
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
General and Practical One-Pot Synthesis of Dihydrobenzosiloles from Styrenes.
Kuznetsov A, Gevorgyan V.
Org Lett. 2012 Jan 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22272663
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Patterns of Radiotherapy Practice for Patients with Cervical Cancer in Japan, 2003-2005: Changing Trends in the Pattern of Care Process.
Tomita N, Toita T, Kodaira T, Shinoda A, Uno T, Numasaki H, Teshima T, Mitsumori M.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012 Jan 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22270160
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Bright electrochemiluminescence of iridium(iii) complexes.
Swanick KN, Ladouceur S, Zysman-Colman E, Ding Z.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2012 Jan 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22262342
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Turning on Red and Near-Infrared Phosphorescence in Octahedral Complexes with Metalated Quinones.
Damas A, Ventura B, Moussa J, Esposti AD, Chamoreau LM, Barbieri A, Amouri H.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jan 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22260200
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Reactions of Hydridoirida-ß-diketones with Amines or with 2-Aminopyridines: Formation of Hydridoirida-ß-ketoimines, PCN Terdentate Ligands, and Acyl Decarbonylation.
Ciganda R, Garralda MA, Ibarlucea L, Mendicute-Fierro C, Torralba MC, Torres MR.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jan 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22257029
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Overview of the boston retinal prosthesis: Challenges and opportunities to restore useful vision to the blind.
Rizzo JF, Shire DB, Kelly SK, Troyk P, Gingerich M, McKee B, Priplata A, Chen J, Drohan W, Doyle P, Mendoza O, Theogarajan L, Cogan S, Wyatt JL.
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011 Aug;2011:7492-5.
PMID:
22256071
[PubMed - in process]
A dual-shank neural probe integrated with double waveguides on each shank for optogenetic applications.
Im M, Cho IJ, Wu F, Wise KD, Yoon E.
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011 Aug;2011:5480-3.
PMID:
22255578
[PubMed - in process]
Electrical performance of penetrating microelectrodes chronically implanted in cat cortex.
Kane SR, Cogan SF, Ehrlich J, Plante TD, McCreery DB.
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011 Aug;2011:5416-9.
PMID:
22255562
[PubMed - in process]
Development of the boston retinal prosthesis.
Rizzo JF, Shire DB, Kelly SK, Troyk P, Gingerich M, McKee B, Priplata A, Chen J, Drohan W, Doyle P, Mendoza O, Theogarajan L, Cogan S, Wyatt JL.
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011 Aug;2011:3135-8.
PMID:
22255004
[PubMed - in process]
Surface modification of neural stimulating/recording electrodes with high surface area platinum-iridium alloy coatings.
Petrossians A, Whalen JJ, Weiland JD, Mansfeld F.
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011 Aug;2011:3001-4.
PMID:
22254972
[PubMed - in process]
The first neural probe integrated with light source (blue laser diode) for optical stimulation and electrical recording.
Park H, Shin HJ, Cho IJ, Yoon ES, Suh JK, Im M, Yoon E, Kim YJ, Kim J.
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011 Aug;2011:2961-4.
PMID:
22254962
[PubMed - in process]
Development of an implantable microstimulation system for chronic DBS in rodents.
Paulat R, Meissner W, Morgenstern R, Kupsch A, Harnack D.
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011 Aug;2011:660-2.
PMID:
22254395
[PubMed - in process]
Photonics of a Conjugated Organometallic Pt-Ir Polymer and Its Model Compounds Exhibiting Hybrid CT Excited States.
Soliman AM, Fortin D, Zysman-Colman E, Harvey PD.
Macromol Rapid Commun. 2012 Jan 17. doi: 10.1002/marc.201100721. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22253217
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Detection of intracochlear damage during cochlear implant electrode insertion using extracochlear measurements in the gerbil.
Ahmad FI, Choudhury B, De Mason CE, Adunka OF, Finley CC, Fitzpatrick DC.
Laryngoscope. 2011 Nov 26. doi: 10.1002/lary.22488. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22252968
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher] |
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