Lead Telluride Tin Telluride/Lead Selenide Solid Solution
PbTe-SnTe, PbTe-PbSe Solid Solution
Product
Product Code
Order or Specifications
(2N) 99% Lead Telluride Tin Telluride/Lead Selenide Solid Solution
PBTE-SNSE-02-SOL
(3N) 99.9% Lead Telluride Tin Telluride/Lead Selenide Solid Solution
PBTE-SNSE-03-SOL
(4N) 99.99% Lead Telluride Tin Telluride/Lead Selenide Solid Solution
PBTE-SNSE-04-SOL
(5N) 99.999% Lead Telluride Tin Telluride/Lead Selenide Solid Solution
PBTE-SNSE-05-SOL
Lead Telluride Tin Telluride/Lead Selenide Solid Solution are moderate to highly concentrated liquid solutions of Lead Sulfate. They are an excellent source of Lead Sulfate for applications requiring solubabilzed materials. American Elements can prepare dissolved homogenous solutions at customer specified concentrations or to the maximum stoichiometric concentration. Packaging is available in 55 gallon drums, smaller units and larger liquid totes. American Elements maintains solution production facilities in the United States, Northern Europe (Liverpool, UK), Southern Europe (Milan, Italy), Australia and China to allow for lower freight costs and quicker delivery to our customers. .American Elements metal and rare earth compound solutions have numerous applications, but are commonly used in petrochemical cracking and automotive catalysts, water treatment, plating, textiles, research and in optic, laser, crystal and glass applications. Ultra high purity and high purity compositions improve both optical quality and usefulness as scientific standards. Nanoscale (See also Nanotechnology Information and Quantum Dots) elemental powders and suspensions, as alternative high surface area forms, may be considered. We also produce Lead Sulfate Powder. Most metal sulfate compounds are readily soluble in water for uses such as water treatment, unlike fluorides and oxides which tend to be insoluble. Organometallic forms are soluble in organic solutions and sometimes in both aqueous and organic solutions. Metallic ions can also be dispersed utilizing suspended or coated nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and deposited utilizing sputtering targets and evaporation materials for uses such as solar energy materials and fuel cells.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Lead is a Block P, Group 14, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Lead's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2. In its elemental form lead's CAS number is 7439-92-1. The lead atom has a radius of 175.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 202.pm. Lead and its compounds are poisonous. Lead is a bluish-white metal of bright luster, naturally occurring as a mixture of four stable isotopes: 204Pb (1.48%), 206Pb (23.6%), 207Pb (22.6%), and 208Pb (52.3%). It is highly resistant to corrosion and can be used to contain corrosive liquids such as sulfuric acid. Great quantities of Lead, both as the dioxide and the metal, are used in batteries, cable covering, plumbing, and ammunition. Alloys include solder, type metal, and various antifriction metals and compounds. Lead is extremely effective at absorbing sound and vibration. It is also used as radiation shielding for X-ray equipment and nuclear reactors. Oxides of Lead are used in producing fine "crystal glass" and "flint glass" of a high index of refraction for achromatic lenses. Lead ceramics and crystalline material have a wide range of industrial and optical applications, including infrared detection and imaging. Lead-based semiconductors, such as lead telluride, lead selenide and lead antimonide are finding application in photovoltaic (solar energy) cells and infra red detectors. Lead was first discovered by Early Man. The origin of the name Lithium comes from the Greek word protos meaning "first". See Lead research below.
Tellurium is a Block P, Group 16, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Tellurium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 6 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4. In its elemental form tellurium's CAS number is 13494-80-9. The tellurium atom has a radius of 143.2.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 206.pm. Tellurium is a p-type semiconductor, and shows greater conductivity in certain directions, depending on alignment of the atoms. It is grown in crystalline form with other elements such as indium telluride. Its conductivity increases slightly with exposure to light which makes many tellurides candidates for solar energyapplications. Tellurium improves the machinability of copper and stainless steel, and its addition to lead decreases the corrosive action of sulfuric acid on lead and improves its strength and hardness. Tellurium is used as a basic ingredient in blasting caps, and is added to cast iron for chill control. Tellurium is used in ceramics. Bismuth telluride has been used in thermoelectric devices. Iron is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Tellurium was first discovered by Franz Muller von Reichenstein in 1782. The name Tellurium originates from the Greek word 'Tellus' meaning Earth. See Tellurium research below.
Tin is a Block P, Group 14, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Tin's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 4 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2. In its elemental form tin's CAS number is 7440-31-5. The tin atom has a radius of 140.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 217.pm. Organometallic compounds of tin are very toxic and tin salts are also considered to be toxic. Tin as single atoms or molecules are not toxic. Tin compounds sprayed onto glass are used to produce electrically conductive coatings. These have been used for panel lighting and for frost-free windshields. Most window glass is now made by floating molten glass on molten tin (float glass) to produce a flat surface. Crystalline tin-niobium alloy is superconductive at very low temperatures. This promises to be important in the construction of superconductive magnets that generate enormous field strengths but use practically no power. Tin is the basis for many eutectic alloys and the discovery by early man that copper could be better formed and crafted if tin were added producing the first bronze and launching what we refer to as the "Bronze Age" and the first Neolithic metal tools, cooking utensils, and jewelry produced from rudimentary bronze. An important tin compound is the chloride, which is used as a reducing agent and as a mordant in calico printing. Tin is also used in various metal alloys (See AE Alloys). Tin was first discovered by Early Man.The origin of the word tin comes from the Latin word Stannum which translates to the Anglo-Saxon word tin.
See Tin research below.
Selenium is a Block P, Group 16, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Selenium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 6 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4. In its elemental form selenium's CAS number is 7782-49-2. The selenium atom has a radius of 116.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 190.pm. The EPA does not classify selenium as carcinogenic, although selenium sulfide is a probable carcinogen. Selenates and selenites which are compounds of selenium, are highly toxic. Hydrogen selenide gas (SeH2) is the most acutely toxic compound of selenium. Selenium exhibits both photovoltaic action, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photoconductive action, where the electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination. of photocells and exposure meters for photographic use, as well as solar cells. Below its melting point, selenium is a p-type semiconductor and has many uses in electronic and solid-state applications. Selenium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Selenium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1817. The origin of the name Selenium comes from the Greek word "Selênê" meaning moon. See selenium research below.
Synthesis of 2-amino-6-oxocyclohexenyl- sulfonamides and their activity against Botrytis cinerea.
Li XH, Ji MS, Qi ZQ, Li XW, Shen YX, Gu ZM, Zhang Y, Wei SH, Wang YZ, Wang DQ.
Pest Manag Sci. 2011 Mar 24. doi: 10.1002/ps.2143. [Epub ahead of print]
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Regulation of protease-activated receptor signaling by post-translational modifications.
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IUBMB Life. 2011 Mar 24. doi: 10.1002/iub.437. [Epub ahead of print]
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High performance polyimide with high internal free volume elements.
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Macromol Rapid Commun. 2011 Apr 4;32(7):579-86. doi: 10.1002/marc.201000690. Epub 2011 Jan 17.
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21438056
[PubMed - in process]
Kinetics and Mechanism of Hydrogen-Atom Abstraction from Rhodium Hydrides by Alkyl Radicals in Aqueous Solutions.
Pestovsky O, Veysey SW, Bakac A.
Chemistry. 2011 Mar 22. doi: 10.1002/chem.201100094. [Epub ahead of print]
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21438044
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The femoral calcar: A computed tomography anatomical study.
Le Corroller T, Dediu M, Pauly V, Pirro N, Chabrand P, Champsaur P.
Clin Anat. 2011 Mar 24. doi: 10.1002/ca.21177. [Epub ahead of print]
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21438021
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Life without the vein of Galen: Clinical and radiographic sequelae.
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Clin Anat. 2011 Mar 24. doi: 10.1002/ca.21176. [Epub ahead of print]
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Analytical quality goals for 25-vitamin D based on biological variation.
Viljoen A, Singh DK, Farrington K, Twomey PJ.
J Clin Lab Anal. 2011;25(2):130-3. doi: 10.1002/jcla.20446.
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21438007
[PubMed - in process]
Bone marrow and peripheral white blood cells number is affected by sleep deprivation in a murine experimental model.
Guariniello LD, Vicari P, Lee KS, Oliveira AC, Tufik S.
J Cell Physiol. 2011 Mar 24. doi: 10.1002/jcp.22743. [Epub ahead of print]
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21437906
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
[Perinatal Centres in the State of Baden-Württemberg: Effects of Minimum Volume Standards and Quality Assessments by the Medical Service of Statutory Health Insurance (MDK).]
Böhler T, Schaeff B, Waibel B, Mohrmann M.
Gesundheitswesen. 2011 Mar 24. [Epub ahead of print] German.
PMID:
21437866
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
[Concept for a Forward-Looking Communication in the Palliative Treatment of Patients with Pneumological-Oncological Diseases Prospective.]
Tessmer G, Zaba O, Grohé C.
Pneumologie. 2011 Mar 24. [Epub ahead of print] German.
PMID:
21437857
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
[Bladder Cancer Screening with Urine-Based Tumour Markers - Occupational Medical Experience.]
Nasterlack M, Feil G, Leng G, Pesch B, Huber S, Sievert KD, Johnen G, Taeger D, Mayer T, Kluckert M, Brüning T, Stenzl A.
Aktuelle Urol. 2011 Mar;42(2):128-134. Epub 2011 Mar 24. German.
PMID:
21437837
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Management and prevention of pelvic adhesions.
Al-Jabri S, Tulandi T.
Semin Reprod Med. 2011 Mar;29(2):130-7. Epub 2011 Mar 24.
PMID:
21437827
[PubMed - in process]
Asherman's Syndrome.
March CM.
Semin Reprod Med. 2011 Mar;29(2):83-94. Epub 2011 Mar 24.
PMID:
21437822
[PubMed - in process]
Laser-Engineered Dissolving Microneedle Arrays for Transdermal Macromolecular Drug Delivery.
Migalska K, Morrow DI, Garland MJ, Thakur R, Woolfson AD, Donnelly RF.
Pharm Res. 2011 Mar 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21437789
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Assessment of Atmospheric Metal Pollution in the Urban Area of Mexico City, Using Ficus benjamina as Biomonitor.
Guzmán-Morales J, Morton-Bermea O, Hernández-Álvarez E, Rodríguez-Salazar MT, García-Arreola ME, Tapia-Cruz V.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011 Mar 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21437785
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
[Cylindromatosis.]
Pfaff S, Megahed M.
Hautarzt. 2011 Mar 26. [Epub ahead of print] German.
PMID:
21437703
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Vascular comorbidities in familial Mediterranean fever.
Ozçakar ZB, Yalçinkaya F.
Rheumatol Int. 2011 Mar 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21437693
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Screening Target Specificity of siRNAs by Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE) for Non-Sequenced Species.
Sabirzhanov B, Sabirzhanova IB, Keifer J.
J Mol Neurosci. 2011 Mar 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21437668
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Artificial grammar learning in children: abstraction of rules or sensitivity to perceptual features?
Witt A, Vinter A.
Psychol Res. 2011 Mar 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21437612
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Bulk and Surface Structure and High-Temperature Thermoelectric Properties of Inverse Clathrate-III in the Si-P-Te System.
Zaikina JV, Mori T, Kovnir K, Teschner D, Senyshyn A, Schwarz U, Grin Y, Shevelkov AV.
Chemistry. 2010 Oct 13. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20945448 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
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Vu K, Madden S.
Opt Express. 2010 Aug 30;18(18):19192-200. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.019192.PMID: 20940815 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
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Methylated Metal(loid) Species in Humans.
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Formation, occurrence, significance, and analysis of organoselenium and organotellurium compounds in the environment.
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Dicationic Tellurium Analogues of the Classic N-Heterocyclic Carbene.
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Tellurite-induced carbonylation of the Escherichia coli pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex.
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de Andrade RB, Gemelli T, Guerra RB, Funchal C, Wannmacher CM.
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Tellurium: an element with great biological potency and potential.
Ba LA, Döring M, Jamier V, Jacob C.
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Ottosson LG, Logg K, Ibstedt S, Sunnerhagen P, Käll M, Blomberg A, Warringer J.
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Jiang T, Xie T, Zhang Y, Chen L, Peng L, Li H, Wang D.
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Dalton Trans. 2010 Oct 21. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20967327 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
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Primak AN, Giraldo JC, Eusemann CD, Schmidt B, Kantor B, Fletcher JG, McCollough CH.
AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010 Nov;195(5):1164-74.PMID: 20966323 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
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Arjmand F, Jamsheera A.
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Food Chem Toxicol. 2010 Oct 18. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20965225 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
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Mauck CM, van den Heuvel TW, Hull MM, Zeller M, Oertel CM.
Inorg Chem. 2010 Oct 20. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20961144 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
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Palazzini M, Manes A.
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Ischemic nephropathy: proteinuria and renal resistance index could suggest if revascularization is recommended.
Cianci R, Martina P, Cianci M, Lavini R, Stivali G, Di Donato D, Polidori L, Lai S, Renzulli R, Gigante A, Barbano B.
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Woodin M, Tin AH, Moy S, Palella M, Brugge D.
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Jin J, Yang L, Chan SM, Luan T, Li Y, Tam NF.
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Scarpignato C, Hunt RH.
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Volpicelli G, Silva F, Radeos M.
Eur J Emerg Med. 2010 Apr;17(2):63-72.PMID: 20945542 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
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Shao S, Dimitrov M, Guan N, Köhn R.
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Kang YG, Park HG, Kim HJ, Kim YH, Oh BY, Kim BY, Kim DH, Seo DS.
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Pomara F, Grosso F, Basile D, Polizzi V, Marcianò C, Adamo V, De Vita A, Petrucci M.
Minerva Pediatr. 2010 Oct;62(5):425-430. Italian. PMID: 20940677 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Recent Research & Development for Selenium
3-Mercaptopropionic acid modified ZnSe quantum dots as the matrix for direct surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric analysis of peptides/proteins from sodium salt solution.
[No authors listed]
Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2011 Jun 30;25(12):1779-86. doi: 10.1002/rcm.5022.
PMID:
21598338
[PubMed - in process]
Locational differences in mercury and selenium levels in 19 species of saltwater fish from new jersey.
Burger J, Jeitner C, Gochfeld M.
J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2011 Jan;74(13):863-74.
PMID:
21598171
[PubMed - in process]
Predominant copper deficiency during prolonged enteral nutrition through a jejunostomy tube compared to that through a gastrostomy tube.
Nishiwaki S, Iwashita M, Goto N, Hayashi M, Takada J, Asano T, Tagami A, Hatakeyama H, Hayashi T, Maeda T, Saito K.
Clin Nutr. 2011 May 17. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21596460
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
An outbreak of granulomatous peritonitis caused by injectable selenium in a flock of Merino sheep.
Dennis M, Henriquez J, Keipert G, Biazik J, Braet F.
Aust Vet J. 2011 Jun;89(6):209-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00713.x.
PMID:
21595640
[PubMed - in process]
Treating Hashimoto's Thyroiditis with Selenium: No Risks, Just Benefits?
Schomburg L.
Thyroid. 2011 May;21(5):563-4. No abstract available.
PMID:
21595518
[PubMed - in process]
Platinum-Based Compounds and Risk for Cardiovascular Toxicity in the Elderly: Role of the Antioxidants in Chemoprevention.
Ferroni P, Della-Morte D, Palmirotta R, McClendon M, Testa G, Abete P, Rengo F, Rundek T, Guadagni F, Roselli M.
Rejuvenation Res. 2011 May 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21595514
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Selenium Supplementation and Exercise: Effect on Oxidant Stress in Overweight Adults.
Savory LA, Kerr CJ, Whiting P, Finer N, McEneny J, Ashton T.
Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011 May 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21593809
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Selenium and Alzheimer's Disease: A Meta-Analysis.
Loef M, Schrauzer GN, Walach H.
J Alzheimers Dis. 2011 May 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21593562
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Zinc, Vitamin A, and Micronutrient Supplementation in Children with Diarrhea: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial of Combination Therapy versus Monotherapy.
Dutta P, Mitra U, Dutta S, Naik TN, Rajendran K, Chatterjee MK.
J Pediatr. 2011 May 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21592508
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Selenium and the course of mild Graves' orbitopathy.
Marcocci C, Kahaly GJ, Krassas GE, Bartalena L, Prummel M, Stahl M, Altea MA, Nardi M, Pitz S, Boboridis K, Sivelli P, von Arx G, Mourits MP, Baldeschi L, Bencivelli W, Wiersinga W; European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy.
N Engl J Med. 2011 May 19;364(20):1920-31.
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Adenosine 5'-phosphate reductase (APR2) mutation in Arabidopsis implicates glutathione depletion in selenate toxicity.
Grant K, Carey NM, Mendoza M, Schulze J, Pilon M, Pilon-Smits EA, Van Hoewyk D.
Biochem J. 2011 May 17. [Epub ahead of print]
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The transcriptome of Fusarium graminearum during the infection of wheat.
Lysøe E, Seong KY, Kistler C.
Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2011 May 17. [Epub ahead of print]
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Long-term Selenium Deficiency Increases the Pathogenicity of a Citrobacter rodentium Infection in Mice.
Smith AD, Cheung L, Botero S.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011 May 17. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
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Effect of supplementation with high-selenium yeast on plasma lipids: a randomized trial.
Rayman MP, Stranges S, Griffin BA, Pastor-Barriuso R, Guallar E.
Ann Intern Med. 2011 May 17;154(10):656-65.
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The effects of selenium supplements on blood cholesterol levels.
[No authors listed]
Ann Intern Med. 2011 May 17;154(10):I32. No abstract available.
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The use of blood analysis to evaluate trace mineral status in ruminant livestock.
Herdt TH, Hoff B.
Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2011 Jul;27(2):255-83.
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vSelenium from dietary sources and motor functions in the Brazilian Amazon.
Lemire M, Fillion M, Frenette B, Passos CJ, Guimarães JR, Barbosa F Jr, Mergler D.
Neurotoxicology. 2011 May 6. [Epub ahead of print]
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Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, arsenic and environmental tobacco smoke, nutrient intake, and oxidative stress in Japanese preschool children.
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Has Selenium a Chemopreventive Effect on Hepatocellular Carcinoma?
Costantini S, Lepore MG, Castello G, Colonna G.
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PMID:
21568923
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Associations between prebreeding serum micronutrient concentrations and pregnancy outcome in beef cows.
Van De Weyer LM, Hendrick SH, Waldner CL.
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2011 May 15;238(10):1323-32.
PMID:
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Lead Telluride Tin Telluride/Lead Selenide Solid Solution are moderate to highly concentrated liquid solutions of Lead Sulfate. They are an excellent source of Lead Sulfate for applications requiring solubabilzed 
materials. American Elements can prepare dissolved homogenous solutions at customer specified concentrations or to the maximum stoichiometric concentration. Packaging is available in 55 gallon drums, smaller units and larger liquid totes. American Elements maintains solution production facilities in the United States, Northern Europe (Liverpool, UK), Southern Europe (Milan, Italy), Australia and China to allow for lower freight costs and quicker delivery to our customers. .American Elements metal and rare earth compound solutions have numerous applications, but are commonly used in petrochemical cracking and automotive catalysts, water treatment, plating, textiles, research and in optic, laser, crystal and glass applications. Ultra high purity and high purity compositions improve both optical quality and usefulness as scientific standards. Nanoscale (See also Nanotechnology Information and Quantum Dots) elemental powders and suspensions, as alternative high surface area forms, may be considered. We also produce Lead Sulfate Powder. Most metal sulfate compounds are readily soluble in water for uses such as water treatment, unlike fluorides and oxides which tend to be insoluble. Organometallic forms are soluble in organic solutions and sometimes in both aqueous and 
organic solutions. Metallic ions can also be dispersed utilizing suspended or coated nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and deposited utilizing sputtering targets and evaporation materials for uses such as solar energy materials and fuel cells.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement. 
Lead is a Block P, Group 14, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Lead's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2. In its elemental form lead's CAS number is 7439-92-1. The lead atom has a radius of 175.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 202.pm. Lead and its compounds are poisonous. Lead is a bluish-white metal of bright luster, naturally occurring as a mixture of four stable isotopes: 204Pb (1.48%), 206Pb (23.6%), 207Pb (22.6%), and 208Pb (52.3%). It is highly resistant to corrosion and can be used to contain corrosive liquids such as sulfuric acid. Great quantities of Lead, both as the dioxide and the metal, are used in batteries, cable covering, plumbing, and ammunition. Alloys include solder, type metal, and various antifriction metals and compounds. Lead is extremely effective at absorbing sound and vibration. It is also used 
as radiation shielding for X-ray equipment and nuclear reactors. Oxides of Lead are used in producing fine "crystal glass" and "flint glass" of a high index of refraction for achromatic lenses. Lead ceramics and crystalline material have a wide range of industrial and optical applications, including infrared detection and imaging. Lead-based semiconductors, such as lead telluride, lead selenide and lead antimonide are finding application in photovoltaic (solar energy) cells and infra red detectors. Lead was first discovered by Early Man. The origin of the name Lithium comes from the Greek word protos meaning "first". See Lead research below.
Tellurium is a Block P, Group 16, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Tellurium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 6 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4. In its elemental form tellurium's CAS number is 13494-80-9. The tellurium atom has a radius of 143.2.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 206.pm. Tellurium is a p-type semiconductor, and shows greater conductivity in certain directions, depending on alignment of the atoms. It is grown in crystalline form with other elements such as indium telluride. Its conductivity increases slightly with exposure to light which makes many tellurides candidates for solar energyapplications. Tellurium improves the machinability of copper and stainless steel, and its addition to lead decreases the corrosive action of sulfuric acid on lead and improves its strength and hardness. 
Tellurium is used as 
a basic ingredient in blasting caps, and is added to cast iron for chill control. Tellurium is used in ceramics. Bismuth telluride has been used in thermoelectric devices. Iron is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Tellurium was first discovered by Franz Muller von Reichenstein in 1782. The name Tellurium originates from the Greek word 'Tellus' meaning Earth. See Tellurium research below.
Tin is a Block P, Group 14, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Tin's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 4 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2. In its elemental form tin's CAS number is 7440-31-5. The tin atom has a radius of 140.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 217.pm. Organometallic compounds of tin are very toxic and tin salts are also considered to be toxic. Tin as single atoms or molecules are not toxic. Tin compounds sprayed onto glass are used to produce electrically conductive coatings. These have been used for panel lighting and for frost-free windshields. Most window glass is now made by floating molten glass on molten tin (float glass) to produce a flat surface. Crystalline tin-niobium alloy is superconductive at very low temperatures. This 
promises to be important in the construction of superconductive magnets 
that generate enormous field strengths but use practically no power. Tin is the basis for many eutectic alloys and the discovery by early man that copper could be better formed and crafted if tin were added producing the first bronze and launching what we refer to as the "Bronze Age" and the first Neolithic metal tools, cooking utensils, and jewelry produced from rudimentary bronze. An important tin compound is the chloride, which is used as a reducing agent and as a mordant in calico printing. Tin is also used in various metal alloys (See AE Alloys). Tin was first discovered by Early Man.The origin of the word tin comes from the Latin word Stannum which translates to the Anglo-Saxon word tin.
See Tin research below.
Selenium is a Block P, Group 16, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Selenium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 6 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4. In its elemental form selenium's CAS number is 7782-49-2. The selenium atom has a radius of 116.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 190.pm. The EPA does not classify selenium as carcinogenic, although selenium sulfide 
is a probable carcinogen. Selenates and selenites which are compounds of selenium, are highly toxic. Hydrogen selenide gas (SeH2) is the most acutely toxic compound of selenium. Selenium exhibits both photovoltaic action, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photoconductive action, where the electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination. of photocells and exposure meters for photographic use, as 
well as solar cells. Below its melting point, selenium is a p-type semiconductor and has many uses in electronic and solid-state applications. Selenium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Selenium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1817. The origin of the name Selenium comes from the Greek word "Selênê" meaning moon. See selenium research below.
