American Elements specializes in producing high purity uniform shaped Rhenium Pellets with the highest possible density and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) processes including Thermal and Electron Beam (E-Beam) Evaporation, Low Temperature Organic Evaporation, Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), Metallic-Organic and Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD). Our standard Pellet sizes range from 1/8" x 1/8" to 1/4" x 1/4" and 3 mm diameter. We can also provide Pellets outside this range for ultra high puritythin film applications, such as fuel cells and solar energy layers. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes such as nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and in the form of solutions and organometallics.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. We also produce Rhenium as rod, ingot, powder, pieces, disc, granules, wire, and in compound forms, such as oxide. Other shapes are available by request.
Rhenium is a Block D, Group 7, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Rhodium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 13, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2. In its elemental form rhenium's CAS number is 7440-15-5. The rhenium atom has a radius of 137.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. The toxicity of Rhenium has not yet been established . Rhenium is the fourth densestelementexceeded only by that of platinum, iridium, and osmium . It has the second highest melting point exceeded only by tungsten and carbon . Rhenium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Because of this, thermocouples made of Tungsten/Rhenium alloy is are used when temperatures will rise to 2000 C and rhenium wire is used in photoflash lamps for photography. It is widely used as filaments for mass spectrographs and ion gauges. Rhenium was first discovered by Walter Noddack in 1925 in the Rhine region of Germany. The name Rhenium originates from the Latin word 'Rhenus' meaning "Rhine" after the place of discovery. See Rhenium research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Bullion and bar forms are best if purchasing solely for physical possession and risk exposure.
pH-driven dynamic stereoinduction: epimerization upon dimerization in rhenium(i) complexes.
Alvarez CM, Carrillo R, García-Rodríguez R, Miguel D.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2011 Oct 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21983699
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
N-Heterocyclic carbenes as p*-acceptors in luminescent Re(i) triscarbonyl complexes.
Casson LA, Muzzioli S, Raiteri P, Skelton BW, Stagni S, Massi M, Brown DH.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Oct 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21983680
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Melanin-Binding Decapeptide 4B4 Radiolabeled with (177)Lu, (166)Ho, and (153)Sm Radiolanthanides for the Purpose of Targeted Radionuclide Therapy of Melanoma.
Ballard B, Jiang Z, Soll CE, Revskaya E, Cutler CS, Dadachova E, Francesconi LC.
Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2011 Oct;26(5):547-56. Epub 2011 Oct 4.
PMID:
21970319
[PubMed - in process]
Efficacy of radiosynovectomy in rheumatoid arthritis.
Liepe K.
Rheumatol Int. 2011 Oct 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21964982
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Biological dosimetry after radiosynoviorthesis with rhenium-186 sulphide and erbium-169 citrate.
Klett R, Schnurbus-Duhs A, Mödder G, Schmid E, Voth M.
Nuklearmedizin. 2011 Sep 20;50(6). [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21931934
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Observation of inductive effects that cause a change in the rate-determining step for the conversion of rhenium azides to imido complexes.
Travia NE, Xu Z, Keith JM, Ison EA, Fanwick PE, Hall MB, Abu-Omar MM.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Oct 17;50(20):10505-14. Epub 2011 Sep 9.
PMID:
21905647
[PubMed - in process]
Influence of the metal center and linker on the intracellular distribution and biological activity of organometal-peptide conjugates.
Hu W, Splith K, Neundorf I, Merz K, Schatzschneider U.
J Biol Inorg Chem. 2011 Sep 7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21898043
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Complexes in context: Attempting to control the cellular uptake and localisation of rhenium fac-tricarbonyl polypyridyl complexes.
Balasingham RG, Coogan MP, Thorp-Greenwood FL.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Sep 6. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21897946
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Luminescent rhenium(i) polypyridine fluorous complexes as novel trifunctional biological probes.
Louie MW, Fong TT, Lo KK.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Oct 3;50(19):9465-71. Epub 2011 Aug 30.
PMID:
21894912
[PubMed - in process]
Rhenium-catalyzed allylation of C-H bonds of benzoic and acrylic acids.
Kuninobu Y, Ohta K, Takai K.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2011 Sep 20;47(38):10791-3. Epub 2011 Sep 5.
PMID:
21892483
[PubMed - in process]
[Influence of antitumor system rhenium-platinum on biochemical state of the liver].
Ivchuk VV, Polishko TM, Golichenko OA, Shtemenko OV, Shtemenko NI.
Ukr Biokhim Zh. 2011 May-Jun;83(3):76-84. Ukrainian.
PMID:
21888057
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Synthesis and Preliminary Bioevaluation of (99m)Tc(CO)(3)-17a-Triazolylandrost-4-Ene-3-One Derivative Prepared via Click Chemistry Route.
Dhyani MV, Satpati D, Korde A, Banerjee S.
Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2011 Oct;26(5):539-45. Epub 2011 Sep 1.
PMID:
21883014
[PubMed - in process]
17 e(-) rhenium dicarbonyl CO-releasing molecules on a cobalamin scaffold for biological application.
Zobi F, Blacque O, Jacobs RA, Schaub MC, Bogdanova AY.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Sep 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21881676
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Luminescent rhenium(i) complexes with acetylamino- and trifluoroacetylamino-containing phenanthroline ligands: Anion-sensing study.
Ng CO, Lai SW, Feng H, Yiu SM, Ko CC.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Sep 27;40(39):10020-8. Epub 2011 Aug 30.
PMID:
21879085
[PubMed - in process]
Reactions of the inner surface of carbon nanotubes and nanoprotrusion processes imaged at the atomic scale.
Chamberlain TW, Meyer JC, Biskupek J, Leschner J, Santana A, Besley NA, Bichoutskaia E, Kaiser U, Khlobystov AN.
Nat Chem. 2011 Aug 14;3(9):732-7. doi: 10.1038/nchem.1115.
PMID:
21860464
[PubMed - in process]
Rhenium ethoxy- and hydroxycarbene complexes with thiophene substituents.
Lotz S, Landman M, Olivier AJ, Bezuidenhout DI, Liles DC, Palmer ER.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Oct 7;40(37):9394-403. Epub 2011 Aug 15.
PMID:
21842102
[PubMed - in process]
Chemoradionuclide therapy with (186)re-labeled liposomal Doxorubicin: toxicity, dosimetry, and therapeutic response.
Soundararajan A, Bao A, Phillips WT, McManus LM, Goins BA.
Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2011 Oct;26(5):603-14. Epub 2011 Aug 11.
PMID:
21834653
[PubMed - in process]
Two different hydrogen bond donor ligands together: a selectivity improvement in organometallic {Re(CO)3} anion hosts.
Ion L, Nieto S, Pérez J, Riera L, Riera V, Díaz J, López R, Anderson KM, Steed JW.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Sep 5;50(17):8524-31. Epub 2011 Aug 11.
PMID:
21834508
[PubMed - in process]
A young source for the Hawaiian plume.
Sobolev AV, Hofmann AW, Jochum KP, Kuzmin DV, Stoll B.
Nature. 2011 Aug 10;476(7361):434-7. doi: 10.1038/nature10321.
PMID:
21832996
[PubMed]
Precursor-directed assembly of complex oxide nanobeads: the role of strongly coordinated inorganic anions.
Nikonova OA, Nedelec JM, Kessler VG, Seisenbaeva GA.
Langmuir. 2011 Sep 20;27(18):11622-8. Epub 2011 Aug 17.
PMID:
21830800
[PubMed - in process]
and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) processes including Thermal and Electron Beam (E-Beam) Evaporation, Low Temperature Organic Evaporation, Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), Metallic-Organic and Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD). Our standard Pellet sizes range from 1/8" x 1/8" to 1/4" x 1/4" and 3 mm diameter. We can also provide Pellets outside this range for ultra high purity thin film applications, such as fuel cells and solar energy layers. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes such as nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and in the form of solutions and organometallics.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. We also produce Rhenium as rod, ingot, powder, pieces, disc, granules, wire, and in compound forms, such as oxide. Other shapes are available by request.
Rhenium is a Block D, Group 7, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Rhodium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 13, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2. In its 
elemental form rhenium's CAS number is 7440-15-5. The rhenium atom has a radius of 137.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. The toxicity of Rhenium has not yet been established . Rhenium is the fourth densestelementexceeded only by that of platinum, iridium, and osmium . It has the second highest melting point exceeded only by tungsten and carbon . Rhenium is available as metal and 
compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Because of this, thermocouples made of Tungsten/Rhenium alloy is are used when temperatures will rise to 2000 C and rhenium wire is used in photoflash lamps for photography. It is widely used as filaments for mass spectrographs and ion gauges. Rhenium was first discovered by Walter Noddack in 1925 in the Rhine region of Germany. The name Rhenium originates from the Latin word 'Rhenus' meaning "Rhine" after the place of discovery. See Rhenium research below.
