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Terbium
Terbium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.

Terbium is primarily used in phosphors, particularly in fluorescent lamps and as the high intensity green emitter used in projection televisions, such as the yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Tb:YAG) variety. Terbium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Terbium responds efficiently in x-ray excitation and is, therefore, used as an x-ray phosphor. Terbium alloys are also used in magneto-optic recording films, such as Tb-Fe-Co.

Terbium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are

 

  Hydrogen                                 Helium
  Lithium Beryllium                     Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
  Sodium Magnesium                     Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
  Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Hydrogen Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
  Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
  Cesium Barium Cerium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
                                     
      Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium    
      Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawerencium    


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available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.

Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Terbium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.

Terbium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The electronic configuration is [Xe]4f96s2. In its elemental form terbium's CAS number is 7440-27-9. The terbium atom has a radius of 176.3.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is unknown.

All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology advantages. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Terbium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.

Terbium was first discovered by Carl Mosander in 1843.

French terbium German Terbium Italian terbio Portuguese Térbio Spanish terbio Swedish Terbium

Terbium Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of Terbium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.

Isotope
Atomic Mass
% Abundance on Earth
Tb-159
158.925
100

Terbium Safety Data. The safety data for Terbium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin.

Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for Terbium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:

1st Ionization Energy
565.77 kJ mol-1
2nd Ionization Energy
1111.52 kJ mol-1
3rd Ionization Energy
2114.01 kJ mol-1

Conductivity. As to Terbium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured in terms of electrical resistivity @ 20 şC is 116 µOcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is non-detectable. The thermal conductivity of Terbium is 11.1 W m-1 K-1.

Thermal Properties of Terbium. The melting point and boiling point for Terbium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.

Heat of Fusion
16.3 kJ mol-1
Heat of Vaporization
391 kJ mol-1
Heat of Atomization
390.62 kJ mol-1



 
Formula Atomic Number Molecular Weight Electronegativity (Pauling) Density Melting Point
Boiling Point
Vanderwaals radius
Ionic radius Energy of first ionization
Tb 65 158.92534 g.mol -1 1.2 8.3 g.cm-3 at 20 °C 1360 °C 3041 °C unknown unknown 563.5 kJ.mol-1

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Recent Research & Development for Terbium

  • The mechanism of quenching of the lanthanide excited state for optical probes using sensitised emission. Law GL, Parker D, Richardson SL, Wong KL. Dalton Trans. 2009 Oct 28;(40):8481-4. Epub 2009 Aug 27. PMID: 19809721 [PubMed - in process] Related Articles 2: Anchoring of Rare-Earth-Based Single-Molecule Magnets on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Kyatskaya S, Mascaro´s JR, Bogani L, Hennrich F, Kappes M, Wernsdorfer W, Ruben M. J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Oct 2. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19799421 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related Articles 3: [Synthesis, characterization and fluorescence properties of rare earth complexes RE(TPTZ) Cl3] Zhao YF, Zhao YL, Bai F. Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2009 Jul;29(7):1929-32. Chinese. PMID: 19798974 [PubMed - in process] Related Articles 4: Gadolinium(III) complexes of 1,4,7-triazacyclononane based picolinate ligands: simultaneous optimization of water exchange kinetics and electronic relaxation. Nonat A, Giraud M, Gateau C, Fries PH, Helm L, Mazzanti M. Dalton Trans. 2009 Oct 14;(38):8033-46. Epub 2009 Aug 17. PMID: 19771367 [PubMed - in process] Related Articles 5: Designing Simple Tridentate Ligands for Highly Luminescent Europium Complexes. Shavaleev NM, Eliseeva SV, Scopelliti R, Bünzli JC. Chemistry. 2009 Sep 16. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19760733 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related Articles 6: Heterospin Single-Molecule Magnets Based on Terbium Ions and TCNQF(4) Radicals: Interplay between Single-Molecule Magnet and Phonon Bottleneck Phenomena Investigated by Dilution Studies. Lopez N, Prosvirin AV, Zhao H, Wernsdorfer W, Dunbar KR. Chemistry. 2009 Sep 16. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19760709 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related Articles 7: Detection of cationic guest molecules by quenching of luminescence of a self-assembled host molecule consisting of terbium(III) and calix[4]arene-p-tetrasulfonates. Horiuchi T, Iki N, Hoshino H. Anal Chim Acta. 2009 Sep 21;650(2):258-63. Epub 2009 Jul 29. PMID: 19720202 [PubMed - in process] Related Articles 8: Effect of humic matter on metal adsorption onto clay materials: testing the linear additive model. Lippold H, Lippmann-Pipke J. J Contam Hydrol. 2009 Oct 13;109(1-4):40-8. Epub 2009 Aug 11. PMID: 19712995 [PubMed - in process] Related Articles 9: Photosynthetic responses to heavy metal terbium stress in horseradish leaves. Wang L, Zhou Q, Huang X. Chemosphere. 2009 Aug 25. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19712958 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related Articles 10: An electrochemical biosensor for ultratrace terbium based on Tb3+ promoted conformational change of human telomeric G-quadruplex. Zhang J, Chen J, Chen R, Chen G, Fu F. Biosens Bioelectron. 2009 Oct 15;25(2):378-82. Epub 2009 Aug 3. PMID: 19699077 [PubMed - in process] Related Articles 11: Luminescence spectroscopy of europium(III) and terbium(III) penta-, octa- and nonanuclear clusters with beta-diketonate ligands. Petit S, Baril-Robert F, Pilet G, Reber C, Luneau D. Dalton Trans. 2009 Sep 14;(34):6809-15. Epub 2009 Jul 15. PMID: 19690693 [PubMed - in process] Related Articles 12: A new Tb3+-selective fluorescent sensor based on 2-(5-(dimethylamino)naphthalen-1-ylsulfonyl)-N-henylhydrazinecarbothioamide. Ganjali MR, Veismohammadi B, Hosseini M, Norouzi P. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2009 Oct 1;74(2):575-8. Epub 2009 Jul 24. PMID: 19671495 [PubMed - in process] Related Articles 13: Lanthanide complexes in hybrid halometallate materials: interconversion between a novel 2D microporous framework and a 1D zigzag chain structure of iodoargentates templated by octakis-solvated terbium(III) cation. Mishra S, Jeanneau E, Ledoux G, Daniele S. Dalton Trans. 2009 Jul 7;(25):4954-61. Epub 2009 May 18. PMID: 19662287 [PubMed] Related Articles 14: Circularly polarized luminescence in enantiopure europium and terbium complexes with modular, all-oxygen donor ligands. Seitz M, Do K, Ingram AJ, Moore EG, Muller G, Raymond KN. Inorg Chem. 2009 Sep 7;48(17):8469-79. PMID: 19639983 [PubMed - in process] Related Articles 15: Sensitive determination of protein based on the fluorescence enhancement effect of terbium (III)-epinephrine-protein-sodium dodecylsulfate system. Guo Y, Yang J, Wu X, Mao H. Luminescence. 2009 Jul 9. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19591244 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related Articles 16: Selective labeling of tag-fused protein by tryptophan-sensitized luminescence of a terbium complex. Hirayama T, Taki M, Kodan A, Kato H, Yamamoto Y. Chem Commun (Camb). 2009 Jun 14;(22):3196-8. Epub 2009 May 6. PMID: 19587911 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related Articles 17: A rapid hydrothermal synthesis of rare earth oxide activated Y (OH)3 and Y2O3 nanotubes. Devaraju MK, Yin S, Sato T. Nanotechnology. 2009 Jul 29;20(30):305302. Epub 2009 Jul 7. PMID: 19581697 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related Articles 18: Study of the luminescence properties of a novel rare earth complex Tb(DPC)(2)2H2O. Lv Y, Li Q, Shi C, Liu H, Liu F, Wu L, Wu D, Liu H, Xie J. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2009 Sep 15;74(1):26-9. Epub 2009 Apr 24. PMID: 19577509 [PubMed - in process] Related Articles 19: Development of a rapid and automatic optosensor for the determination of cromolyn in biological samples. Molina-García L, Llorent-Martínez EJ, Fernández-de Córdova ML, Ruiz-Medina A. Talanta. 2009 Aug 15;79(3):627-32. Epub 2009 May 3. PMID: 19576422 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related Articles 20: Selective detection of phosphotyrosine in the presence of various phosphate-containing biomolecules with the aid of a terbium(III) complex. Akiba H, Sumaoka J, Komiyama M. Chembiochem. 2009 Jul 20;10(11):1773-6. No abstract available. PMID: 19565595 [PubMed - in process]

 

 

 

 

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