Zinc Manganese Telluride (ZnMnTe) is a crystal grown product generally immediately available in most volumes. Technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Zinc is a Block D, Group 12, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Zinc's shells is 2, 8, 18, 2, and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2. In its elemental form zinc's CAS number is 7440-66-6. The zinc atom has a radius of 133.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 139.pm. Zinc is considered non-toxic in healthy doses but can cause nausea if taken in excess. Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous metal which we produce in Special High Grade (SHG) purities. It is brittle at ordinary temperatures but malleable at 100 to 150 o C. It is a fair conductor of electricity, and burns in air at high red heat with evolution of white clouds of the oxide. It has unusual electrical, thermal, optical, and solid-state properties that have not been fully investigated. The metal is employed to form numerous alloys with other metals. Brass, nickel, silver, commercial bronze, soft solder, and aluminum solder are some of the more important alloys. Large quantities of zinc are used to produce die castings, which are used extensively by the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. Zinc is also used extensively to galvanize other metals such as iron to prevent corrosion. Zinc oxide is widely used in the manufacture of paints, rubber products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, floor coverings, plastics, printing inks, soap, storage batteries, textiles, electrical equipment, and other products. Zinc sulfide is used in making luminous dials, X-ray and TV screens, and fluorescent lights The chloride and chromate are also important compounds. Zinc is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Zinc was first discovered by Andreas Marggraf in 1746.
Manganese is a Block D, Group 7, Period 4 element. The electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d5 4s2. In its elemental form manganese's CAS number is 7439-96-5. The manganese atom has a radius of 136.7.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Manganese in excess is toxic, in particular the inhalation of manganese in powder or dust form. Manganese metal is a key component of aluminumalloys. Manganese oxide is used in dry cell batteries. Manganese is used in steel production to remove sulfur and oxygen. Manganese is the colorant in natural amethyst stones and is used in glass and ceramics to also create the amethyst color. It is used like the element cerium to "decolorize" glass by offsetting the green from impurities of ferric ions. Permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used in medicine. It is added as a nutritional supplement for both human and animal consumption. Recently, the oxide in the form of various perovskite structures have demonstrated applications in oxygen generation and solid oxide fuel cells. Manganese was first discovered by Johann Gahn in 1774.
Tellurium is a Block P, Group 16, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Tellurium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 6 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4. In its elemental form tellurium's CAS number is 13494-80-9. The tellurium atom has a radius of 143.2.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 206.pm. Tellurium is a p-type semiconductor, and shows greater conductivity in certain directions, depending on alignment of the atoms. It is grown in crystalline form with other elements such as indium telluride. Its conductivity increases slightly with exposure to light which makes many tellurides candidates for solar energy applications. Tellurium improves the machinability of copper and stainless steel, and its addition to lead decreases the corrosive action of sulfuric acid on lead and improves its strength and hardness. Tellurium is used as a basic ingredient in blasting caps, and is added to cast iron for chill control. Tellurium is used in ceramics. Bismuth telluride has been used in thermoelectric devices. Iron is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Tellurium was first discovered by Franz Muller von Reichenstein in 1782. The name Tellurium originates from the Greek word 'Tellus' meaning Earth. See Tellurium research below.
American Elements begin_of_the_skype_highlighting end_of_the_skype_highlightingsemi conducting materials are crystal structures produced from ultra high purity starting materials synthesized by our high purity production facility which includes several large electric muffle furnaces, a tube furnace for hydrogen reduction, 50 gallon glass-lined Pfaudler reactors supported by our analytical laboratory containing X-ray diffraction, SEM, AA, BET surface area, and ICP Spectrometry for trace metals analysis. See a discussion of American Elements begin_of_the_skype_highlighting end_of_the_skype_highlightingUltra High Purity and Analytical capabilities. See Crystal Growth for processes used to fabricate semiconductor materials, which include:
Crystal "pulling" by the Czochaiski method for production of semiconductor materials
Flux growth and gradient freeze
Directional solidification of fluorites using both the Bridgman-Stockbarger and float zoning techniques
The PHD Finger of Human UHRF1 Reveals a New Subgroup of Unmethylated Histone H3 Tail Readers.
Lallous N, Legrand P, McEwen AG, Ramón-Maiques S, Samama JP, Birck C.
PLoS One. 2011;6(11):e27599. Epub 2011 Nov 11.
PMID:
22096602
[PubMed - in process]
The Pharmacological Mechanism of Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibition by Green Tea, Rooibos and Enalaprilat - A Study on Enzyme Kinetics.
Persson IA.
Phytother Res. 2011 Sep 8. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3588. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22095883
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Chiral Nanoporous Metal-Organic Frameworks with High Porosity as Materials for Drug Delivery.
Sun CY, Qin C, Wang CG, Su ZM, Wang S, Wang XL, Yang GS, Shao KZ, Lan YQ, Wang EB.
Adv Mater. 2011 Nov 18. doi: 10.1002/adma.201102538. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22095878
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Supramolecular Inclusion Complexes of Two Cyclic Zinc Bisporphyrins with C(60) and C(70) : Structural, Thermodynamic, and Photophysical Characterization.
Hernández-Eguía LP, Escudero-Adán EC, Pintre IC, Ventura B, Flamigni L, Ballester P.
Chemistry. 2011 Nov 17. doi: 10.1002/chem.201101511. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22095593
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Clinical significance of zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) in human gastric cancer.
Okugawa Y, Toiyama Y, Tanaka K, Matsusita K, Fujikawa H, Saigusa S, Ohi M, Inoue Y, Mohri Y, Uchida K, Kusunoki M.
J Surg Oncol. 2011 Nov 17. doi: 10.1002/jso.22142. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22095522
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Convenient photooxidation of alcohols using dye sensitised zinc oxide in combination with silver nitrate and TEMPO.
Jeena V, Robinson RS.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2011 Nov 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22095311
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Controlled delivery of basal level of insulin from chitosan-zinc-insulin-complex-loaded thermosensitive copolymer.
Oak M, Singh J.
J Pharm Sci. 2011 Nov 17. doi: 10.1002/jps.22823. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22095295
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
An important minority of prediabetic first-degree relatives of type 1 diabetic patients derives from seroconversion to persistent autoantibody positivity after 10 years of age.
Vermeulen I, Weets I, Costa O, Asanghanwa M, Verhaeghen K, Decochez K, Ruige J, Casteels K, Wenzlau J, Hutton JC, Pipeleers DG, Gorus FK; the Belgian Diabetes Registry.
Diabetologia. 2011 Nov 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22095238
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Comparative kinome analysis to identify putative colon tumor biomarkers.
Hennig EE, Mikula M, Rubel T, Dadlez M, Ostrowski J.
J Mol Med (Berl). 2011 Nov 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22095101
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Zinc and the ERK Kinases in the Developing Brain.
Nuttall JR, Oteiza PI.
Neurotox Res. 2011 Nov 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22095091
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Exploring the microbial metalloproteome using MIRAGE.
Sevcenco AM, Pinkse MW, Wolterbeek HT, Verhaert PD, Hagen WR, Hagedoorn PL.
Metallomics. 2011 Nov 17. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22094925
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Zinc and Copper Deficiency In The Microvillus Inclusion Disease.
Diamanti A, Basso MS, Candusso M, Panetta F, Gambarara M.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2011 Nov 15. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.
PMID:
22094898
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Fortified juice drink improved iron and zinc status of schoolchildren.
Angeles-Agdeppa I, Magsadia CR, Capanzana MV.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2011;20(4):535-43.
PMID:
22094838
[PubMed - in process]
In situ kinetic study of zinc sulfide activation using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D).
Teng F, Liu Q, Zeng H.
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2011 Oct 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22093872
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Preparation and characterization of cobalt-substituted anthrax lethal factor.
Säbel CE, Carbone R, Dabous JR, Lo SY, Siemann S.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011 Nov 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22093822
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Co-gasification of municipal solid waste and material recovery in a large-scale gasification and melting system.
Tanigaki N, Manako K, Osada M.
Waste Manag. 2011 Nov 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22093706
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
[The role of heme oxygenase 1 in hydrogen peroxide induced apoptosis and mitochondrial trans membrane potential change in rat primary typeII alveolar epithelium cells].
Wu Y, Chen M, Wu S, Wang HM, Qian MJ, Wang YH, Fu XY.
Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. 2011 Nov;23(11):658-60. Chinese.
PMID:
22093310
[PubMed - in process]
Feed consumption, diet digestibility and mineral utilization in captive blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra) fed different levels of concentrates.
Das A, Katole S, Choubey M, Gupta SP, Saini M, Kumar V, Swarup D.
J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2011 Nov 17. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01245.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22093070
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
An explorative study of non-invasive ultra-weak photon emission and the anti-oxidative influence of oral zinc sulphate in light-sensitive patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria.
Petersen AB, Philipsen PA, Wulf HC.
Skin Res Technol. 2011 Nov 16. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2011.00586.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22092997
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Metal-mediated affinity and orientation specificity in a computationally designed protein homodimer.
Der BS, Machius M, Miley MJ, Mills JL, Szyperski TA, Kuhlman B.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Nov 17. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22092237
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Citric acid production from Aspergillus niger MT-4 using hydrolysate extract of the insect Locusta migratoria.
Taskin M, Tasar GE, Incekara U.
Toxicol Ind Health. 2012 Feb 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22323475
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Seminal Plasma Metals Concentration with Respect to Semen Quality.
Li P, Zhong Y, Jiang X, Wang C, Zuo Z, Sha A.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2012 Feb 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22322880
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Fermentable Carbohydrate Alters Hypothalamic Neuronal Activity and Protects Against the Obesogenic Environment.
Anastasovska J, Arora T, Sanchez Canon GJ, Parkinson JR, Touhy K, R Gibson G, Nadkarni NA, So PW, Goldstone AP, Thomas EL, K Hankir M, Van Loo J, Modi N, Bell JD, Frost G.
Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012 Jan 17. doi: 10.1038/oby.2012.6. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22322344
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Tremor, olfactory and motor changes in Italian adolescents exposed to historical ferro-manganese emission.
Lucchini RG, Guazzetti S, Zoni S, Donna F, Peter S, Zacco A, Salmistraro M, Bontempi E, Zimmerman NJ, Smith DR.
Neurotoxicology. 2012 Jan 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22322213
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Measuring hypoxia induced metal release from highly contaminated estuarine sediments during a 40day laboratory incubation experiment.
Banks JL, Ross DJ, Keough MJ, Eyre BD, Macleod CK.
Sci Total Environ. 2012 Feb 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22321900
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Catalytic remediation of 2-propanol on Pt-Mn/?-Al(2)O(3) bimetallic catalyst during catalytic combustion-Experimental study and response surface methodology (RSM) modeling.
Salari D, Niaei A, Aghazadeh F, Hosseini SA, Seyednajafi F.
J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2012 Feb;47(3):351-7.
PMID:
22320686
[PubMed - in process]
A healthy volunteer study to investigate trace element contamination of blood samples by stainless steel venepuncture needles.
Hodnett D, Wood DM, Raja K, Dargan PI, Shah AD.
Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2012 Feb;50(2):99-107.
PMID:
22320210
[PubMed - in process]
Homogeneity and stability studies during the preparation of a laboratory reference material of soy leaves for the determination of metals.
dos Santos AM, Lima DC, de Jesus RM, Ferreira SL.
J AOAC Int. 2011 Nov-Dec;94(6):1906-10.
PMID:
22320099
[PubMed - in process]
Initial Steps of Photosystem II de Novo Assembly and Preloading with Manganese Take Place in Biogenesis Centers in Synechocystis.
Stengel A, Gügel IL, Hilger D, Rengstl B, Jung H, Nickelsen J.
Plant Cell. 2012 Feb 7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22319052
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Physiologic implications of metal-ion transport by ZIP14 and ZIP8.
Jenkitkasemwong S, Wang CY, Mackenzie B, Knutson MD.
Biometals. 2012 Feb 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22318508
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The Association of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Expression in Barrett's Esophageal Progression With MnTBAP and Curcumin Oil Therapy.
Schiffman SC, Li Y, Martin RC.
J Surg Res. 2011 Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22316666
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Monte-Carlo simulations of the new LNHB manganese bath facility.
Ogheard F, Chartier JL, Cassette P.
Appl Radiat Isot. 2012 Jan 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22316586
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Proteomic analysis of proteins associated with cellular senescence by calorie restriction in mesenchymal stem cells.
Kim HJ, Ji BR, Kim JS, Lee HN, Ha DH, Kim CW.
In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2012 Feb 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22314686
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Metal concentrations in the soils and native plants surrounding the old flotation tailings pond of the Copper Mining and Smelting Complex Bor (Serbia).
Antonijevic MM, Dimitrijevic MD, Milic SM, Nujkic MM.
J Environ Monit. 2012 Feb 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22314513
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Research capacity development in South African manganese mines to bridge exposure and neuropathologic outcomes.
Nelson G, Criswell SR, Zhang J, Murray J, Racette BA.
Neurotoxicology. 2012 Jan 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22313906
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Manganese toxicity with ephedrone abuse manifesting as parkinsonism: a case report.
Iqbal M, Monaghan T, Redmond J.
J Med Case Reports. 2012 Feb 7;6(1):52. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22313512
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Occurrence and biodegradation of nonylphenol in the environment.
Mao Z, Zheng XF, Zhang YQ, Tao XX, Li Y, Wang W.
Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(1):491-505. Epub 2012 Jan 4.
PMID:
22312266
[PubMed - in process]
Influencing the Symmetry of High-Nuclearity and High-Spin Manganese Oxo-Clusters: Supramolecular Approaches to Manganese-Based Keplerates and Chiral Solids.
Zhang L, Clérac R, Heijboer P, Schmitt W.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2012 Feb 6. doi: 10.1002/anie.201107358. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22311623
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Biodegradation of organic compounds of molasses melanoidin (MM) from biomethanated distillery spent wash (BMDS) during the decolourisation by a potential bacterial consortium.
Yadav S, Chandra R.
Biodegradation. 2012 Feb 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22311589
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Metals in Fish along the Southeast Coast of India.
Thiyagarajan D, Dhaneesh KV, Ajith Kumar TT, Kumaresan S, Balasubramanian T.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2012 Feb 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22310845
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Palladium and platinum complexes of tellurium-containing imidodiphosphinate ligands: nucleophilic attack of Li[(P(i)Pr2)(TeP(i)Pr2)N] on coordinated 1,5-cyclooctadiene. Robertson SD, Ritch JS, Chivers T. Dalton Trans. 2009 Oct 28;(40):8582-92. Epub 2009 Aug 14. PMID: 19809735 [PubMed - in process]
Halide-Capped Tellurium-Containing Macrocycles. Chandrasekhar V, Thirumoorthi R. Inorg Chem. 2009 Sep 29. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19788260 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Analysis of palladium concentrations in airborne particulate matter with reductive co-precipitation, He collision gas, and ID-ICP-Q-MS. Alsenz H, Zereini F, Wiseman CL, Püttmann W. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2009 Sep 27. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19784830 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Photolytic preparation of tellurium nanorods. Webber DH, Brutchey RL. Chem Commun (Camb). 2009 Oct 14;(38):5701-3. Epub 2009 Aug 11. PMID: 19774241 [PubMed - in process]
Effects of tellurite on growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Massardo DR, Pontieri P, Maddaluno L, De Stefano M, Alifano P, Del Giudice L. Biometals. 2009 Sep 4. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19760109 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Tellurium-enhanced nonresonant third-order optical nonlinearity in a germanosilicate optical fiber. Lin A, Liu X, Watekar PR, Zhao W, Peng B, Lu M, Wei W, Sun C, Wang Y, Han WT, Toulouse J. Appl Opt. 2009 Sep 10;48(26):4922-5. doi: 10.1364/AO.48.004922. PMID: 19745855 [PubMed - in process]
A glimpse on biological activities of tellurium compounds. Cunha RL, Gouvea IE, Juliano L. An Acad Bras Cienc. 2009 Sep;81(3):393-407. PMID: 19722011 [PubMed - in process]
Synthesis of the first tellurium-derivatized oligonucleotides for structural and functional studies. Sheng J, Hassan AE, Huang Z. Chemistry. 2009 Oct 5;15(39):10210-6. PMID: 19691067 [PubMed - in process]
Activation of tellurium with Zintl ions: 1/infinity{[Ge5Te10]4-}, an inorganic polymer with germanium in three different oxidation states. Zhang Q, Armatas G, Kanatzidis MG. Inorg Chem. 2009 Sep 21;48(18):8665-7. PMID: 19685902 [PubMed - in process]
Irreversible inhibition of human cathepsins B, L, S and K by hypervalent tellurium compounds. Cunha RL, Gouvêa IE, Feitosa GP, Alves MF, Brömme D, Comasseto JV, Tersariol IL, Juliano L. Biol Chem. 2009 Nov;390(11):1205-12. PMID: 19663682 [PubMed - in process]
Multicomponent reactions for the synthesis of multifunctional agents with activity against cancer cells. Shabaan S, Ba LA, Abbas M, Burkholz T, Denkert A, Gohr A, Wessjohann LA, Sasse F, Weber W, Jacob C. Chem Commun (Camb). 2009 Aug 21;(31):4702-4. Epub 2009 Jun 22. PMID: 19641815 [PubMed - in process]
Projection x-ray imaging with photon energy weighting: experimental evaluation with a prototype detector. Shikhaliev PM. Phys Med Biol. 2009 Aug 21;54(16):4971-92. Epub 2009 Jul 30. PMID: 19641240 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Diaroyl tellurides: synthesis, structure and NBO analysis of (2-MeOC6H4CO)2Te--comparison with its sulfur and selenium isologues. The first observation of [MgBr][R(C=Te)O] salts. Niyomura O, Nakaiida S, Yamada R, Kato S, Ishida M, Ebihara M, Ando F, Koketsu J. Molecules. 2009 Jul 13;14(7):2555-72. PMID: 19633623 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
An unusual binary phosphorus-tellurium anion and its seleno- and thio- analogues: P(4)Ch(2)(2-) (Ch = S, Se, Te). Rotter C, Schuster M, Karaghiosoff K. Inorg Chem. 2009 Aug 17;48(16):7531-3. PMID: 19621885 [PubMed - in process]
Resolution of inflammation-related apoptotic processes by the synthetic tellurium compound, AS101 following liver injury. Brodsky M, Hirsh S, Albeck M, Sredni B. J Hepatol. 2009 Sep;51(3):491-503. Epub 2009 Jun 6. PMID: 19595469 [PubMed - in process]
Mechanistic aspects of quantum dot based probing of Cu (II) ions: role of dendrimer in sensor efficiency. Ghosh S, Priyam A, Bhattacharya SC, Saha A. J Fluoresc. 2009 Jul;19(4):723-31. Epub 2009 Jul 12. PMID: 19593654 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Dielectric function of ZnTe nanocrystals by spectroscopic ellipsometry. Ahmed F, En Naciri A, Grob JJ, Stchakovsky M, Johann L. Nanotechnology. 2009 Jul 29;20(30):305702. Epub 2009 Jul 8. PMID: 19584414 [PubMed]
Spectroscopic and lasing performance of Tm3+-doped bulk TZN and TZNG tellurite glasses operating around 1.9 microm. Fusari F, Lagatsky AA, Richards B, Jha A, Sibbett W, Brown CT. Opt Express. 2008 Nov 10;16(23):19146-51. PMID: 19582007 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Photoluminescence of CdTe nanocrystals modulated by methylene blue and DNA. A label-free luminescent signaling nanohybrid platform. Shen JS, Yu T, Xie JW, Jiang YB. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2009 Jul 7;11(25):5062-9. Epub 2009 Mar 26. PMID: 19562136 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Cefixime-tellurite rhamnose MacConkey agar for isolation of Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli serogroup O26 from Scottish cattle and sheep faeces. Evans J, Knight HI, Smith AW, Pearce MC, Hall M, Foster G, Low JC, Gunn GJ. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2008 Sep;47(3):148-52. PMID: 19552777 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Zinc is a Block D, Group 12, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Zinc's shells is 2, 8, 18, 2, and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2. In its elemental form zinc's CAS number is 7440-66-6. The zinc atom has a radius of 133.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 139.pm. Zinc is considered non-toxic in healthy doses but can cause nausea if taken in excess. Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous metal which we produce in Special High Grade (SHG) purities. It is brittle at ordinary temperatures but malleable at 100 to 150 o C. It is a fair conductor of electricity, and burns in air at high red heat with evolution of white clouds of the oxide. It has unusual electrical, thermal, optical, and solid-state properties that have not been fully investigated. The metal is employed to form numerous alloys with other metals. Brass, nickel, silver, commercial bronze, soft solder, and aluminum solder are some of the more important alloys. Large quantities of zinc are used to produce die castings, which are used extensively by the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. Zinc is also used extensively to galvanize other metals such as iron to prevent corrosion. Zinc oxide is widely used in the manufacture of paints, rubber products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, floor coverings, plastics, printing inks, soap, storage batteries, textiles, electrical equipment, and other products. Zinc sulfide is used in making luminous dials, X-ray and TV screens, and fluorescent lights The chloride and chromate are also important compounds. Zinc is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Zinc was first discovered by Andreas Marggraf in 1746.
Manganese is a Block D, Group 7, Period 4 element. The electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d5 4s2. In its elemental form manganese's CAS number is 7439-96-5. The manganese atom has a radius of 136.7.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Manganese in excess is toxic, in particular the inhalation of manganese in powder or dust form. Manganese metal is a key component of aluminum alloys. Manganese oxide is used in dry cell batteries. Manganese is used in steel production to remove sulfur and oxygen. Manganese is the colorant in natural amethyst stones and is used in glass and ceramics to also create the amethyst color. It is used like the element cerium to "decolorize" glass by offsetting the green from impurities of ferric ions. Permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used in medicine. It is added as a nutritional supplement for both human and animal consumption. Recently, the oxide in the form of various perovskite structures have demonstrated applications in oxygen generation and solid oxide fuel cells. Manganese was first discovered by Johann Gahn in 1774.
Tellurium is a Block P, Group 16, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Tellurium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 6 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4. In its elemental form tellurium's CAS number is 13494-80-9. The tellurium atom has a radius of 143.2.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 206.pm. Tellurium is a p-type semiconductor, and shows greater conductivity in certain directions, depending on alignment of the atoms. It is grown in crystalline form with other elements such as indium telluride. Its conductivity increases slightly with exposure to light which makes many tellurides candidates for solar energy applications. Tellurium improves the machinability of copper and stainless steel, and its addition to lead decreases the corrosive action of sulfuric acid on lead and improves its strength and hardness. Tellurium is used as 
a basic ingredient in blasting caps, and is added to cast iron for chill control. Tellurium is used in ceramics. Bismuth telluride has been used in thermoelectric devices. Iron is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Tellurium was first discovered by Franz Muller von Reichenstein in 1782. The name Tellurium originates from the Greek word 'Tellus' meaning Earth. See Tellurium research below. 
