Aluminum Zirconium Oxide is a highly insoluble thermally stable Aluminum source suitable for glass, optic and ceramic applications. Oxide compounds are not conductive to electricity. However, certain perovskite structured oxides are electronically conductive finding application in the cathode of solid oxide fuel cells and oxygen generation systems. They are compounds containing at least one oxygen anion and one metallic cation. They are typically insoluble in aqueous solutions (water) and extremely stable making them useful in ceramic structures as simple as producing clay bowls to advanced electronics and in light weight structural components in aerospace and electrochemical applications such as fuel cells in which they exhibit ionic conductivity. Metal oxide compounds are basic anhydrides and can therefore react with acids and with strong reducing agents in redox reactions. Aluminum Zirconium Oxide is also available in pellets, pieces, powder, sputtering targets, tablets, and nanopowder (from American Elements' nanoscale production facilities). See Nanotechnology for more nanotechnology applications information. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available.
Aluminum is a Block P, Group 13, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Aluminum's shells is 2, 8, 3 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p1. In its elemental form aluminum's CAS number is 7429-90-5. The aluminum atom has a radius of 143.2.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust. Aluminum is not known to be harmful but ingestion may cause Alzheimer's disease.Aluminum is a silvery-white metal that possesses many desirable characteristics. It is light, nonmagnetic and nonsparking.
It stands second among metals in the scale of malleability, and sixth in ductility. It is extensively used in many industrial applications where a strong, light, easily constructed material is needed. Although it's electrical conductivity is only about 60% that of copper, it is used in electrical transmission lines because of its light weight. Pure aluminum is soft and lacks strength, but alloyed with small amounts of copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese, or other elements impart a variety of useful properties. These alloys are of vital importance in the construction of modern aircraft and rockets. Aluminum, evaporated in a vacuum, forms a highly reflective coating for both visible light and radiant heat. They are used to coat telescope mirrors. Aluminum is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. See Aluminum research below.
Zirconium is a Block D, Group 4, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Zirconium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d2 5s2. In its elemental form zirconium's CAS number is 7440-67-7. The zirconium atom has a radius of 159.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Zirconium is non-toxic. Zirconium is primarily used in it's oxide or zirconia form. Zirconium dioxide has a high melting point (2,700° C) and a low thermal conductivity. Its polymorphism, however, restricts its widespread use in ceramic industry. During a heating process, zirconia will undergo a phase transformation process. The change in volume associated with this transformation makes the usage of pure zirconia in many applications impossible. Addition of some oxides, such as CaO, MgO, and Y2O3, into the zirconia structure in a certain degree results in a solid solution, which is a cubic form and has no phase transformation during heating and cooling. This solid solution material is termed as stabilized zirconia, a valuable refractory. Stabilized zirconia is used as a grinding media and engineering ceramics due to its increased hardness and high thermal shock resistivity. Stabilized zirconia is also used in applications such as oxygen sensors and solid oxide fuel cells due to its high oxygen ion conductivity.Zirconium was first discovered by William Gregor in 1791. The name Zirconium originated from the Persian word 'zargun' meaning gold color or gold-like. See Zirconium research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Characterisation of optically stimulated luminescence dosemeters to measure organ doses in diagnostic radiology.
Endo A, Katoh T, Kobayashi I, Joshi R, Sur J, Okano T.
Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2011 Nov 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22116136
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Metal recovery from high-grade WEEE: A life cycle assessment.
Bigum M, Brogaard L, Christensen TH.
J Hazard Mater. 2011 Oct 17. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22115841
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Protein interactions with nanosized hydrotalcites of different composition.
Bellezza F, Alberani A, Posati T, Tarpani L, Latterini L, Cipiciani A.
J Inorg Biochem. 2011 Oct 8;106(1):134-142. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22115829
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Neurobehavioral toxic effects of perinatal oral exposure to aluminum on the developmental motor reflexes, learning, memory and brain neurotransmitters of mice offspring.
Abu-Taweel GM, Ajarem JS, Ahmad M.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2011 Nov 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22115621
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Lithium-Ion Conducting Electrolyte Salts for Lithium Batteries.
Aravindan V, Gnanaraj J, Madhavi S, Liu HK.
Chemistry. 2011 Nov 24. doi: 10.1002/chem.201101486. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22114046
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Contact fatigue response of porcelain-veneered alumina model systems.
Stappert CF, Baldassarri M, Zhang Y, Stappert D, Thompson VP.
J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2011 Nov 24. doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.31977. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22113973
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Influence of formulation pH and suspension state on freezing-induced agglomeration of aluminum adjuvants.
Salnikova MS, Davis H, Mensch C, Celano L, Thiriot DS.
J Pharm Sci. 2011 Nov 23. doi: 10.1002/jps.22815. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22113733
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Evidence of foliar aluminium accumulation in local, regional and global datasets of wild plants.
Metali F, Salim KA, Burslem DF.
New Phytol. 2011 Nov 23. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03965.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22111583
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Turning aluminium into a noble-metal-like catalyst for low-temperature activation of molecular hydrogen.
Chopra IS, Chaudhuri S, Veyan JF, Chabal YJ.
Nat Mater. 2011 Nov 23;10(12):986. doi: 10.1038/nmat3174. No abstract available.
PMID:
22109610
[PubMed - in process]
Fabrication of a dual-layer aluminum nanowires polarization filter array.
Gruev V.
Opt Express. 2011 Nov 21;19(24):24361-9. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.024361.
PMID:
22109463
[PubMed - in process]
Image-quality perception as a function of dose in digital radiography.
Lehnert T, Naguib NN, Korkusuz H, Bauer RW, Kerl JM, Mack MG, Vogl TJ.
AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011 Dec;197(6):1399-403.
PMID:
22109295
[PubMed - in process]
Highly sensitive nano-porous lattice biosensor based on localized surface plasmon resonance and interference.
Yeom SH, Kim OG, Kang BH, Kim KJ, Yuan H, Kwon DH, Kim HR, Kang SW.
Opt Express. 2011 Nov 7;19(23):22882-91. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.022882.
PMID:
22109166
[PubMed - in process]
Regulatory role of zinc during aluminium-induced altered carbohydrate metabolism in rat brain.
Singla N, Dhawan DK.
J Neurosci Res. 2011 Nov 23. doi: 10.1002/jnr.22790. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22108899
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Three-shell-based lens barrel for the effective athermalization of an IR optical system.
Yang HS, Kihm H, Moon IK, Jung GJ, Choi SC, Lee KJ, Hwang HY, Kim SW, Lee YW.
Appl Opt. 2011 Nov 20;50(33):6206-13. doi: 10.1364/AO.50.006206.
PMID:
22108878
[PubMed - in process]
Influences of heat seal lacquer thickness on the quality of blister packages.
Mühlfeld L, Langguth P, Häusler H, Hagels H.
Eur J Pharm Sci. 2011 Nov 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22108348
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Efficient extraction of vaccines formulated in aluminum hydroxide gel by including surfactants in the extraction buffer.
Zhu D, Huang S, McClellan H, Dai W, Syed NR, Gebregeorgis E, Mullen GE, Long C, Martin LB, Narum D, Duffy P, Miller LH, Saul A.
Vaccine. 2011 Nov 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22107848
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electronic structure investigation of highly compressed aluminum with k edge absorption spectroscopy.
Benuzzi-Mounaix A, Dorchies F, Recoules V, Festa F, Peyrusse O, Levy A, Ravasio A, Hall T, Koenig M, Amadou N, Brambrink E, Mazevet S.
Phys Rev Lett. 2011 Oct 14;107(16):165006. Epub 2011 Oct 13.
PMID:
22107398
[PubMed - in process]
Short-time electron dynamics in aluminum excited by femtosecond extreme ultraviolet radiation.
Medvedev N, Zastrau U, Förster E, Gericke DO, Rethfeld B.
Phys Rev Lett. 2011 Oct 14;107(16):165003. Epub 2011 Oct 12.
PMID:
22107395
[PubMed - in process]
Nanoporous Polymeric Nanofibers Based on Selectively Etched PS-b-PDMS Block Copolymers.
Birlik Demirel G, Buyukserin F, Morris MA, Demirel G.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2011 Nov 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22107361
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Low bias electron scattering in structure-identified single wall carbon nanotubes: role of substrate polar phonons.
Chandra B, Perebeinos V, Berciaud S, Katoch J, Ishigami M, Kim P, Heinz TF, Hone J.
Phys Rev Lett. 2011 Sep 30;107(14):146601. Epub 2011 Sep 28.
PMID:
22107221
[PubMed - in process]
Elution behavior of polyethylene and polypropylene standards on carbon sorbents.
Chitta R, Macko T, Brüll R, Kalies G.
J Chromatogr A. 2010 Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21035809 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Effect of Cyclic Impact Load on Shear Bond Strength of Zirconium Dioxide Ceramics.
Kawai N, Shinya A, Yokoyama D, Gomi H, Shinya A.
J Adhes Dent. 2010 Sep 28. doi: 10.3290/j.jad.a19471. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20978648 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Differences in metal ion release following cobalt-chromium and oxidized zirconium total knee arthroplasty.
Garrett S, Jacobs N, Yates P, Smith A, Wood D.
Acta Orthop Belg. 2010 Aug;76(4):513-20.PMID: 20973359 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
DNA binding studies of new valine derived chiral complexes of tin(IV) and zirconium(IV).
Arjmand F, Jamsheera A.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2010 Jun 12. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20965776 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Influence of counter-ions on the self-assembly of ZrO(2) nanodisks.
Ji H, Liu X, Wang X, Yao X.
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2011 Jan 15;353(2):356-62. Epub 2010 Oct 16.PMID: 20951993 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
The interaction of osteoblasts with bone-implant materials: 1. the effect of physico-chemical surface properties of implant materials.
Kubies D, Himmlová L, Riedel T, Třesohlavá E, Balík K, Douděrová M, Bártová J, Pešáková V.
Physiol Res. 2010 Oct 15. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20945966 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Free ArticleRelated citations
Fracture resistance of endodontically-treated teeth: effect of combination bleaching and an antioxidant.
Khoroushi M, Feiz A, Khodamoradi R.
Oper Dent. 2010 Sep-Oct;35(5):530-7.PMID: 20945744 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
Mechanism of catalytic cyclohydroamination by zirconium salicyloxazoline complexes.
Allan LE, Clarkson GJ, Fox DJ, Gott AL, Scott P.
J Am Chem Soc. 2010 Nov 3;132(43):15308-20.PMID: 20939579 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Antibacterial properties of nine pure metals: a laboratory study using Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
Yasuyuki M, Kunihiro K, Kurissery S, Kanavillil N, Sato Y, Kikuchi Y.
Biofouling. 2010 Oct;26(7):851-8.PMID: 20938849 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
One-Pot Preparation and Uranyl Adsorption Properties of Hierarchically Porous Zirconium Titanium Oxide Beads using Phase Separation Processes to Vary Macropore Morphology.
Drisko GL, Chee Kimling M, Scales N, Ide A, Sizgek E, Caruso RA, Luca V.
Langmuir. 2010 Nov 16;26(22):17581-8. Epub 2010 Oct 11.PMID: 20936801 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Renewable high-octane gasoline by aqueous-phase hydrodeoxygenation of C₅ and C₆ carbohydrates over Pt/Zirconium phosphate catalysts.
Li N, Tompsett GA, Huber GW.
ChemSusChem. 2010 Oct 25;3(10):1154-7. No abstract available. PMID: 20936668 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Can the method of fixation influence the wear behaviour of ZrN coated unicompartmental mobile knee prostheses?
Affatato S, Spinelli M, Lopomo N, Grupp TM, Marcacci M, Toni A.
Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2010 Oct 7. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20934240 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Measurement of dissolved reactive phosphorus using the diffusive gradients in thin films technique with a high-capacity binding phase.
Ding S, Xu D, Sun Q, Yin H, Zhang C.
Environ Sci Technol. 2010 Nov 1;44(21):8169-74.PMID: 20886846 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Raman microspectroscopy of organic inclusions in spodumenes from Nilaw (Nuristan, Afghanistan).
Wesełucha-Birczyńska A, Słowakiewicz M, Natkaniec-Nowak L, Proniewicz LM.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2010 Sep 28. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20884283 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Effect of thermocycling on the bond strength between dual-cured resin cements and zirconium-oxide ceramics.
D'Amario M, Campidoglio M, Morresi AL, Luciani L, Marchetti E, Baldi M.
J Oral Sci. 2010;52(3):425-30.PMID: 20881336 [PubMed - in process]Free ArticleRelated citations
Surface damages of zirconia by Nd:YAG dental laser irradiation.
Noda M, Okuda Y, Tsuruki J, Minesaki Y, Takenouchi Y, Ban S.
Dent Mater J. 2010 Oct 14;29(5):536-41. Epub 2010 Sep 18.PMID: 20877130 [PubMed - in process]Free ArticleRelated citations
Conjunctive and compromised data fusion schemes for identification of multiple notches in an aluminium plate using Lamb wave signals.
Lu Y, Ye L, Wang D, Wang X, Su Z.
IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2010 Sep;57(9):2005-16.PMID: 20875990 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
A new smile for Judy: a multimaterial approach.
Nash RW.
Dent Today. 2010 Aug;29(8):92, 94. No abstract available. PMID: 20873651 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
Matched-pair total knee arthroplasty retrieval analysis: Oxidized zirconium vs. CoCrMo.
Heyse TJ, Chen DX, Kelly N, Boettner F, Wright TM, Haas SB.
Knee. 2010 Sep 22. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20869251 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Surface modification of chromatography adsorbents by low temperature low pressure plasma.
Arpanaei A, Winther-Jensen B, Theodosiou E, Kingshott P, Hobley TJ, Thomas OR.
J Chromatogr A. 2010 Oct 29;1217(44):6905-16. Epub 2010 Sep 23.PMID: 20869062 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Recent Research & Development for Oxides
Andrographolide Inhibits PI3K/AKT-Dependent NOX2 and iNOS Expression Protecting Mice against Hypoxia/Ischemia-Induced Oxidative Brain Injury.
Chern CM, Liou KT, Wang YH, Liao JF, Yen JC, Shen YC.
Planta Med. 2011 Apr 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21512969
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Reexamination of the ORAC assay: effect of metal ions.
Nkhili E, Brat P.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011 May;400(5):1451-1458. Epub 2011 Apr 6.
PMID:
21512895
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Muscle intracellular oxygenation during exercise: optimization for oxygen transport, metabolism, and adaptive change.
Wagner PD.
Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011 Apr 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21512800
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
CuCl-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of 2,3-allenols to 1,2-allenic ketones with 1:1 combination of phenanthroline and bipyridine as ligands.
Gao S, Liu Y, Ma S.
Beilstein J Org Chem. 2011 Apr 7;7:396-403.
PMID:
21512599
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Mitochondrial Structure and Function Are Disrupted by Standard Isolation Methods.
Picard M, Taivassalo T, Ritchie D, Wright KJ, Thomas MM, Romestaing C, Hepple RT.
PLoS One. 2011 Mar 28;6(3):e18317.
PMID:
21512578
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in hypertension.
Schulz E, Gori T, Münzel T.
Hypertens Res. 2011 Apr 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21512515
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Salidroside Attenuates Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Cell Damage Through a cAMP-Dependent Pathway.
Guan S, Wang W, Lu J, Qian W, Huang G, Deng X, Wang X.
Molecules. 2011 Apr 19;16(4):3371-3379.
PMID:
21512445
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Factors Predicting Mortality in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Adults in Alberta.
Marrie TJ, Tyrrell GJ, Garg S, Vanderkooi OG.
Medicine (Baltimore). 2011 Apr 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21512414
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Estimation of Oxygen Uptake From Heart Rate and Ratings of Perceived Exertion in Young Soccer Players.
Wong DP, Carling C, Chaouachi A, Dellal A, Castagna C, Chamari K, Behm DG.
J Strength Cond Res. 2011 Apr 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21512400
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Mitochondrial pathway leading to programmed cell death induced by aluminum phytotoxicity in Arabidopsis.
Li Z, Xing D.
Plant Signal Behav. 2010 Dec 1;5(12):1660-1662.
PMID:
21512328
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Autophagy in the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia.
Watson AS, Mortensen M, Simon AK.
Cell Cycle. 2011 Jun 1;10(11). [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21512311
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Direct Assessments of the Antioxidant Effects of the Novel Collagen Peptide on Reactive Oxygen Species Using Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy.
Kobayashi K, Maehata Y, Kawamura Y, Kusubata M, Hattori S, Tanaka K, Miyamoto C, Yoshino F, Yoshida A, Wada-Takahashi S, Komatsu T, Takahashi SS, Lee MC.
J Pharmacol Sci. 2011 Apr 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21512306
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A Strong Protective Action of Guttiferone-A, a Naturally Occurring Prenylated Benzophenone, Against Iron-Induced Neuronal Cell Damage.
Figueredo YN, García-Pupo L, Rubio OC, Hernández RD, Naal Z, Curti C, Andreu GL.
J Pharmacol Sci. 2011 Apr 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21512303
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effects of Intestinal Microflora on Superoxide Dismutase Activity in the Mouse Cecum.
Dobashi Y, Miyakawa Y, Yamamoto I, Amao H.
Exp Anim. 2011;60(2):133-139.
PMID:
21512268
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
??????Conservative Management of Achilles Tendon Wounds: Results of a Retrospective Study.
Kleinman Y, Cahn A.
Ostomy Wound Manage. 2011 Apr;57(4):32-40.
PMID:
21512191
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Laser-based absorption spectroscopy as a technique for rapid in-line analysis of respired gas concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Cummings B, Hamilton ML, Ciaffoni L, Pragnell TR, Peverall R, Ritchie GA, Hancock G, Robbins PA.
J Appl Physiol. 2011 Apr 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21512147
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The hypoxia associated factor (HAF) switches cells from HIF-1{alpha} to HIF-2{alpha} dependent signaling promoting stem cell characteristics, aggressive tumor growth and invasion.
Koh MY, Lemos R Jr, Liu XP, Powis G.
Cancer Res. 2011 Apr 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21512133
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Coactivators necessary for transcriptional output of the hypoxia inducible factor, HIF, are directly recruited by ARNT PAS-B.
Partch CL, Gardner KH.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Apr 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21512126
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Latitudinal Gradients in Greenhouse Seawater {delta}18O: Evidence from Eocene Sirenian Tooth Enamel.
Clementz MT, Sewall JO.
Science. 2011 Apr 22;332(6028):455-458.
PMID:
21512030
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
High-Performance Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Derived from Polyaniline, Iron, and Cobalt.
Wu G, More KL, Johnston CM, Zelenay P.
Science. 2011 Apr 22;332(6028):443-447.
PMID:
21512028
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Proud sponsors of the 2012 Swiss NanoConvention. Please join us and our customers & co-sponsors EMPA and the EPFL on
May 22-24, 2012 in Lausanne, Switzerland.
Aluminum Zirconium Oxide is a highly insoluble thermally stable Aluminum source suitable for glass, optic and ceramic applications. Oxide compounds are not conductive to electricity. However, certain perovskite structured oxides are electronically conductive finding application in the cathode of solid oxide fuel cells and oxygen generation systems. They are compounds containing at least one oxygen anion and one metallic cation. They are typically insoluble in aqueous solutions (water) and extremely stable making them useful in ceramic structures as simple as producing clay bowls to advanced electronics and in light weight structural components in aerospace and electrochemical applications such as fuel cells in which they exhibit ionic conductivity. Metal oxide compounds are basic anhydrides and can therefore react with acids and with strong reducing agents in redox reactions. Aluminum Zirconium Oxide is also available in pellets, pieces, powder, sputtering targets, tablets, and nanopowder (from American Elements' nanoscale production facilities). See Nanotechnology for more nanotechnology applications information. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available.
Aluminum is a Block P, Group 13, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Aluminum's shells is 2, 8, 3 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p1. In its elemental form aluminum's CAS number is 7429-90-5. The aluminum atom has a radius of 143.2.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust. Aluminum is not known to be harmful but ingestion may cause Alzheimer's disease.Aluminum is a silvery-white metal that possesses many desirable characteristics. It is light, nonmagnetic and nonsparking.
It stands second among metals in the scale of malleability, and sixth in ductility. It is extensively used in many
industrial applications where a strong, light, easily constructed material is needed. Although it's electrical conductivity is only about 60% that of copper, it is used in electrical transmission 
lines because of its light weight. Pure aluminum is soft and lacks strength, but alloyed with small amounts of copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese, or other elements impart a variety of useful properties. These alloys are of vital importance in the construction of modern aircraft and rockets. Aluminum, evaporated in a vacuum, forms a highly reflective coating for both visible light and radiant heat. They are used to coat telescope mirrors. Aluminum is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. See Aluminum research below.
Zirconium is a Block D, Group 4, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Zirconium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d2 5s2. In its elemental form zirconium's CAS number is 7440-67-7. The zirconium atom has a radius of 159.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Zirconium is non-toxic. Zirconium is primarily used in it's oxide or zirconia form. Zirconium dioxide has a high melting point (2,700° C) and a low thermal conductivity. Its polymorphism, however, restricts its widespread use in ceramic industry. During a heating process, zirconia will undergo a phase transformation process. The change
in volume associated with this transformation makes the usage of pure zirconia in many applications impossible. Addition of some oxides, such as CaO, MgO, and Y2O3, into the zirconia structure in a 
certain degree results in a solid solution, which is a cubic form and has no phase transformation during heating and cooling. This solid solution material is termed as stabilized zirconia, a valuable refractory. Stabilized zirconia is used as a grinding media and engineering ceramics due to its increased hardness and high thermal shock resistivity. Stabilized zirconia is also used in applications such as oxygen sensors and solid oxide fuel cells due to its high oxygen ion conductivity.Zirconium was first discovered by William Gregor in 1791. The name Zirconium originated from the Persian word 'zargun' meaning gold color or gold-like. See Zirconium research below. 
