Manganese information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
 Manganese has numerous low and high tech applications. Manganese is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Manganese metal is a key component of aluminum alloys. Manganese oxide is used in dry cell batteries. Manganese is used in steel production to remove sulfur and oxygen. Manganese is the colorant in natural amethyst stones and is used in glass and ceramics to also create the amethyst color. It is used like the element Cerium to "decolorize" glass by offsetting the green from impurities of ferric ions. Permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used in medicine. It is added as a nutritional supplement for both human and animal consumption. Recently, the oxide in the form of various perovskite structures have demonstrated applications in oxygen generation and solid oxide fuel cells.
Manganese facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are
available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.
Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses  as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Manganese is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.
Manganese is a Block D, Group 7, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Manganese's shells is 2, 8, 13, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d5 4s2. In its elemental form manganese's CAS number is 7439-96-5. The manganese atom has a radius of 136.7.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Manganese in excess is toxic, in particular the inhalation of manganese in powder or dust form.
 All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, thin fillm deposition using sputtering targets and evaporation materials, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology applications. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Manganese compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.
Manganese was first discovered by Johann Gahn in 1774. Manganese is found in pyrolusite, braunite, psilomelane, and rhodochrosite.
The name Manganese originates from the Latin word mangnes meaning magnet.
 manganèse |
 Mangan |
 manganese |
 Manganésio |
 manganeso |
 Mangan |
Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of manganese and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
| Isotope |
Atomic Mass |
% Abundance on Earth |
| Mn-55 |
54.938050 |
100 |
The following table shows the abundance of Manganese present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:
| |
Typical Human Body |
Universe |
| by Weight |
200 ppb |
8000 ppb |
| by Atom |
23 ppb |
200 ppb |
Safety Data and Biological Role. The safety data for manganese metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Manganese compounds have vital biological role in some enzymes.
Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for manganese (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
| 1st Ionization Energy |
717.28 kJ mol-1 |
| 2nd Ionization Energy |
1509.04 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd Ionization Energy |
3248.49 kJ mol-1 |
Conductivity. As to manganese's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 144 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1.55. The thermal conductivity of manganese is 7.82 W m-1 K-1.
Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for manganese are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
| Heat of Fusion |
14.4 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
220.5 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Atomization |
279.37 kJ mol-1 |
Recent Research & Development for Manganese
Citric acid production from Aspergillus niger MT-4 using hydrolysate extract of the insect Locusta migratoria.
Taskin M, Tasar GE, Incekara U.
Toxicol Ind Health. 2012 Feb 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22323475
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Seminal Plasma Metals Concentration with Respect to Semen Quality.
Li P, Zhong Y, Jiang X, Wang C, Zuo Z, Sha A.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2012 Feb 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22322880
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Fermentable Carbohydrate Alters Hypothalamic Neuronal Activity and Protects Against the Obesogenic Environment.
Anastasovska J, Arora T, Sanchez Canon GJ, Parkinson JR, Touhy K, R Gibson G, Nadkarni NA, So PW, Goldstone AP, Thomas EL, K Hankir M, Van Loo J, Modi N, Bell JD, Frost G.
Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012 Jan 17. doi: 10.1038/oby.2012.6. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22322344
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Tremor, olfactory and motor changes in Italian adolescents exposed to historical ferro-manganese emission.
Lucchini RG, Guazzetti S, Zoni S, Donna F, Peter S, Zacco A, Salmistraro M, Bontempi E, Zimmerman NJ, Smith DR.
Neurotoxicology. 2012 Jan 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22322213
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Measuring hypoxia induced metal release from highly contaminated estuarine sediments during a 40day laboratory incubation experiment.
Banks JL, Ross DJ, Keough MJ, Eyre BD, Macleod CK.
Sci Total Environ. 2012 Feb 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22321900
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Catalytic remediation of 2-propanol on Pt-Mn/?-Al(2)O(3) bimetallic catalyst during catalytic combustion-Experimental study and response surface methodology (RSM) modeling.
Salari D, Niaei A, Aghazadeh F, Hosseini SA, Seyednajafi F.
J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2012 Feb;47(3):351-7.
PMID:
22320686
[PubMed - in process]
A healthy volunteer study to investigate trace element contamination of blood samples by stainless steel venepuncture needles.
Hodnett D, Wood DM, Raja K, Dargan PI, Shah AD.
Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2012 Feb;50(2):99-107.
PMID:
22320210
[PubMed - in process]
Homogeneity and stability studies during the preparation of a laboratory reference material of soy leaves for the determination of metals.
dos Santos AM, Lima DC, de Jesus RM, Ferreira SL.
J AOAC Int. 2011 Nov-Dec;94(6):1906-10.
PMID:
22320099
[PubMed - in process]
Initial Steps of Photosystem II de Novo Assembly and Preloading with Manganese Take Place in Biogenesis Centers in Synechocystis.
Stengel A, Gügel IL, Hilger D, Rengstl B, Jung H, Nickelsen J.
Plant Cell. 2012 Feb 7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22319052
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Physiologic implications of metal-ion transport by ZIP14 and ZIP8.
Jenkitkasemwong S, Wang CY, Mackenzie B, Knutson MD.
Biometals. 2012 Feb 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22318508
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The Association of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Expression in Barrett's Esophageal Progression With MnTBAP and Curcumin Oil Therapy.
Schiffman SC, Li Y, Martin RC.
J Surg Res. 2011 Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22316666
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Monte-Carlo simulations of the new LNHB manganese bath facility.
Ogheard F, Chartier JL, Cassette P.
Appl Radiat Isot. 2012 Jan 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22316586
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Proteomic analysis of proteins associated with cellular senescence by calorie restriction in mesenchymal stem cells.
Kim HJ, Ji BR, Kim JS, Lee HN, Ha DH, Kim CW.
In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2012 Feb 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22314686
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Metal concentrations in the soils and native plants surrounding the old flotation tailings pond of the Copper Mining and Smelting Complex Bor (Serbia).
Antonijevic MM, Dimitrijevic MD, Milic SM, Nujkic MM.
J Environ Monit. 2012 Feb 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22314513
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Research capacity development in South African manganese mines to bridge exposure and neuropathologic outcomes.
Nelson G, Criswell SR, Zhang J, Murray J, Racette BA.
Neurotoxicology. 2012 Jan 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22313906
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Manganese toxicity with ephedrone abuse manifesting as parkinsonism: a case report.
Iqbal M, Monaghan T, Redmond J.
J Med Case Reports. 2012 Feb 7;6(1):52. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22313512
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Occurrence and biodegradation of nonylphenol in the environment.
Mao Z, Zheng XF, Zhang YQ, Tao XX, Li Y, Wang W.
Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(1):491-505. Epub 2012 Jan 4.
PMID:
22312266
[PubMed - in process]
Influencing the Symmetry of High-Nuclearity and High-Spin Manganese Oxo-Clusters: Supramolecular Approaches to Manganese-Based Keplerates and Chiral Solids.
Zhang L, Clérac R, Heijboer P, Schmitt W.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2012 Feb 6. doi: 10.1002/anie.201107358. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22311623
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Biodegradation of organic compounds of molasses melanoidin (MM) from biomethanated distillery spent wash (BMDS) during the decolourisation by a potential bacterial consortium.
Yadav S, Chandra R.
Biodegradation. 2012 Feb 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22311589
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Metals in Fish along the Southeast Coast of India.
Thiyagarajan D, Dhaneesh KV, Ajith Kumar TT, Kumaresan S, Balasubramanian T.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2012 Feb 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22310845
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher] |
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