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Samarium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.

Samarium is primarily utilized in the production of samarium-cobalt (Sm2Co17) permanent magnets. Samarium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is also used in laser applications and for its dielectric properties. Samarium-cobalt magnets replaced the more expensive platinum-cobalt magnets in the early 1970s. While now overshadowed by the less expensive neodymium-iron-boron magnet, they are still valued for their ability to function at high temperatures. They are utilized in lightweight electronic equipment where size or space is a limiting factor and where functionality at high temperature is a concern. Applications include electronic watches, aeospace equipment, microwave technology and servomotors. Because of its weak spectral absorption band samarium is used in the filter glass on Nd:YAG solid state lasers to surround the laser rod to improve efficiency by absorbing stray emissions. Samarium forms stable titanate compounds with useful dielectric properties suitable for coatings and in capacitors at microwave frequencies.

Samarium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are

 

  Hydrogen                                 Helium
  Lithium Beryllium                     Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
  Sodium Magnesium                     Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
  Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Hydrogen Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
  Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
  Cesium Barium Cerium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
                                     
      Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium    
      Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawerencium    


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available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.

Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Samarium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.

Samarium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The electronic configuration is [Xe]4f66s2. In its elemental form samarium's CAS number is 7440-19-9. The samarium atom has a radius of 180.4.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is unknown. Samarium is primarily utilized in the production of samarium-cobalt (Sm2Co17) permanent magnets. Samarium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is also used in laser applications and for its dielectric properties. Samarium-cobalt magnets replaced the more expensive platinum-cobalt magnets in the early 1970s. While now overshadowed by the less expensive neodymium-iron-boron magnet, they are still valued for their ability to function at high temperatures. They are utilized in lightweight electronic equipment where size or space is a limiting factor and where functionality at high temperature is a concern. Applications include electronic watches, aeospace equipment, microwave technology and servomotors. Because of its weak spectral absorption band

All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology advantages. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Samarium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.

Samarium was first discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879.

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Samarium Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of Samarium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.

Isotope
Atomic Mass
% Abundance on Earth
Sm-144
143.912
3.1
Sm-147
146.915
15.0
Sm-148
147.915
11.3
Sm-149
148.917
13.8
Sm-150
149.917
7.4
Sm-152
151.920
26.7
Sm-154
153.922
22.7

Samarium Safety Data. The safety data for Samarium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin.

Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for Samarium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:

1st Ionization Energy
544.53 kJ mol-1
2nd Ionization Energy
1068.10 kJ mol-1
3rd Ionization Energy
2257.77 kJ mol-1

Conductivity. As to Samarium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured in terms of electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 88 µOcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1.17. The thermal conductivity of Samarium is 13.3 W m-1 K-1.

Thermal Properties of Samarium. The melting point and boiling point for Samarium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.

Heat of Fusion
10.9 kJ mol-1
Heat of Vaporization
164.8 kJ mol-1
Heat of Atomization
206.1 kJ mol-1



 
Formula Atomic Number Molecular Weight Electronegativity (Pauling) Density Melting Point
Boiling Point
Vanderwaals radius
Ionic radius Energy of first ionization
Sm 62 150.35 g.mol -1 1.2 6.9 g.cm-3 at 20 °C 1072 °C 1790 °C unknown unknown 542.3 kJ.mol-1

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Recent Research & Development for Samarium

  • Enantiopure Aminopyrans by a Lewis Acid Promoted Rearrangement of 1,2-Oxazines: Versatile Building Blocks for Oligosaccharide and Sugar Amino Acid Mimetics. Al-Harrasi A, Pfrengle F, Prisyazhnyuk V, Yekta S, Koós P, Reissig HU. Chemistry. 2009 Sep 24. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19780107 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Synthesis, Structure, and Reaction Chemistry of Samarium(II), Europium(II), and Ytterbium(II) Complexes of the Unsymmetrical Benzamidinate Ligand [PhC(NSiMe(3))(NC(6)H(3)Pr(i)(2)-2,6)](-). Yao S, Chan HS, Lam CK, Lee HK. Inorg Chem. 2009 Sep 16. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19757783 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Our experience on pain palliation of bone metastasis with Sr-89 or Sm-153 in cancer patients resistant to a conventional analgesic therapy. A retrospective study. Montesano T, Giacomobono S, Acqualagna G, Colandrea M, Di Nicola A, Travascio L, Giancamerla M, D'Apollo R, Toteda M, Ugolini F, Filesi M, Ronga G. Clin Ter. 2009 May-Jun;160(3):193-9. PMID: 19756320 [PubMed - in process]

  • Effect of the thermodynamic properties of W/O microemulsions on samarium oxide nanoparticle size. Zhu W, Xu L, Ma J, Yang R, Chen Y. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2009 Aug 12. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19740477 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • SmI(2)-mediated carbon-carbon bond fragmentation in alpha-aminomethyl malonates. Xu Q, Cheng B, Ye X, Zhai H. Org Lett. 2009 Sep 17;11(18):4136-8. PMID: 19739686 [PubMed - in process]

  • Spectrofluorimetric assessment of Ramipril using optical sensor Samarium ion-doxycycline complex doped in sol-gel matrix. Attia MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2009 Aug 22. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19735989 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the N-terminal domain of GNBP3 from Drosophila melanogaster. Mishima Y, Coste F, Bobezeau V, Hervouet N, Kellenberger C, Roussel A. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2009 Sep 1;65(Pt 9):870-3. Epub 2009 Aug 20. PMID: 19724120 [PubMed - in process]

  • Samarium diiodide mediated reactions in total synthesis. Nicolaou KC, Ellery SP, Chen JS. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2009;48(39):7140-65. PMID: 19714695 [PubMed - in process]

  • Tandem SmI2-induced nitrone beta-elimination/aldol-type reaction. Racine E, Py S. Org Biomol Chem. 2009 Sep 7;7(17):3385-7. Epub 2009 Jul 15. PMID: 19675890 [PubMed - in process]

  • Treatment of painful bone metastases in hormone-refractory prostate cancer with zoledronic acid and samarium-153-ethylenediaminetetramethylphosphonic acid combined. Lam MG, de Klerk JM, Zonnenberg BA. J Palliat Med. 2009 Jul;12(7):649-51. PMID: 19594354 [PubMed - in process]

  • Medium-sized carbocycles by samarium diiodide-induced carbonyl-alkene cyclizations. Saadi J, Lentz D, Reissig HU. Org Lett. 2009 Aug 6;11(15):3334-7. PMID: 19583214 [PubMed - in process]

  • A new approach to 3-hydroxyprolinol derivatives by samarium diiodide-mediated reductive coupling of chiral nitrone with carbonyl compounds. Wu SF, Zheng X, Ruan YP, Huang PQ. Org Biomol Chem. 2009 Jul 21;7(14):2967-75. Epub 2009 Jun 2. PMID: 19582307 [PubMed - in process]

  • Monodisperse samarium and cerium orthovanadate nanocrystals and metal oxidation states on the nanocrystal surface. Nguyen TD, Dinh CT, Do TO. Langmuir. 2009 Sep 15;25(18):11142-8. PMID: 19572496 [PubMed - in process]

  • Stabilization of Imidosamarium(III) Cubane by Amidinates. Pan CL, Chen W, Song S, Zhang H, Li X. Inorg Chem. 2009 Jun 24. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19552452 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • A novel tetraazamacrocycle bearing a thiol pendant arm for labeling biomolecules with radiolanthanides. Lacerda S, Campello MP, Marques F, Gano L, Kubícek V, Fousková P, Tóth E, Santos I. Dalton Trans. 2009 Jun 21;(23):4509-18. Epub 2009 Apr 9. PMID: 19488449 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • Evaluation of a method for activity estimation in Sm-153 EDTMP imaging. Vanzi E, Genovesi D, Di Martino F. Med Phys. 2009 Apr;36(4):1219-29. PMID: 19472629 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • Percutaneous tumor curettage and interstitial delivery of samarium-153 coupled with kyphoplasty for treatment of vertebral metastases. Cardoso ER, Ashamalla H, Weng L, Mokhtar B, Ali S, Macedon M, Guirguis A. J Neurosurg Spine. 2009 Apr;10(4):336-42. PMID: 19441992 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • Bone marrow recovery following use of systemic (153)Sm-lexidronam and (89)Sr-chloride for bone pain palliation after myelosuppressive therapy. Papatheofanis FJ, Najib MM. Int J Radiat Biol. 2009 May;85(5):448-53. PMID: 19437245 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • Selective reductions of cyclic 1,3-diesters using SmI(2) and H(2)O. Guazzelli G, De Grazia S, Collins KD, Matsubara H, Spain M, Procter DJ. J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Jun 3;131(21):7214-5. PMID: 19422232 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • Phase I study of concurrent weekly docetaxel and repeated samarium-153 lexidronam in patients with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer. Tu SM, Mathew P, Wong FC, Jones D, Johnson MM, Logothetis CJ. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Jul 10;27(20):3319-24. Epub 2009 May 4. PMID: 19414670 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

 

 

 

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