Samarium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
 Samarium is primarily utilized in the production of samarium-cobalt (Sm2Co17) permanent magnets. Samarium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is also used in laser applications and for its dielectric properties. Samarium-cobalt magnets replaced the more expensive platinum-cobalt magnets in the early 1970s. While now overshadowed by the less expensive neodymium-iron-boron magnet, they are still valued for their ability to function at high temperatures. They are utilized in lightweight electronic equipment where size or space is a limiting factor and where functionality at high temperature is a concern. Applications include electronic watches, aeospace equipment, microwave technology and servomotors. Because of its weak spectral absorption band samarium is used in the filter glass on Nd:YAG solid state lasers to surround the laser rod to improve efficiency by absorbing stray emissions. Samarium forms stable titanate compounds with useful dielectric properties suitable for coatings and in capacitors at microwave frequencies.
Samarium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are
available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.
Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Samarium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.
Samarium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Samarium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 24, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe]4f6 6s2. In its elemental form samarium's CAS number is 7440-19-9. The samarium atom has a radius of 180.4.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is unknown. Samarium is somewhat toxic. Samarium is primarily utilized in the production of samarium-cobalt (Sm2Co17) permanent magnets. Samarium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is also used in laser applications and for its dielectric properties. Samarium-cobalt magnets replaced the more expensive platinum-cobalt magnets in the early 1970s. While now overshadowed by the less expensive neodymium-iron-boron magnet, they are still valued for their ability to function at high temperatures. They are utilized in lightweight electronic equipment where size or space is a limiting factor and where functionality at high temperature is a concern. Applications include electronic watches, aeospace equipment, microwave technology and servomotors. Samarium was first discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879. Samarium is named aftssssser the mineral samarskite. See Samarium research below.
 All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, thin fillm deposition using sputtering targets and evaporation materials, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology applications. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Samarium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.
Samarium was first discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879.
Samarium is named after the
mineral samarskite.
 samarium |
 Samarium |
 samario |
 Samário |
 samario |
 Samarium |
Samarium Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of Samarium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
| Isotope |
Atomic Mass |
% Abundance on Earth |
| Sm-144 |
143.912 |
3.1 |
| Sm-147 |
146.915 |
15.0 |
| Sm-148 |
147.915 |
11.3 |
| Sm-149 |
148.917 |
13.8 |
| Sm-150 |
149.917 |
7.4 |
| Sm-152 |
151.920 |
26.7 |
| Sm-154 |
153.922 |
22.7 |
The following table shows the abundance of Samarium present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:
| |
Typical Human Body |
Universe |
| by Weight |
no data |
5 ppb |
| by Atom |
no data |
0.04 ppb |
Samarium Safety Data and Biological Role. The safety data for Samarium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Samarium compounds have no biological role.
Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for Samarium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
| 1st Ionization Energy |
544.53 kJ mol-1 |
| 2nd Ionization Energy |
1068.10 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd Ionization Energy |
2257.77 kJ mol-1 |
Conductivity. As to Samarium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured in terms of electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 88 µOcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1.17. The thermal conductivity of Samarium is 13.3 W m-1 K-1.
Thermal Properties of Samarium. The melting point and boiling point for Samarium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
| Heat of Fusion |
10.9 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
164.8 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Atomization |
206.1 kJ mol-1 |
Recent Research & Development for SamariumThe non-intubated, spontaneously breathing, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) ventilated pre-term lamb: a unique animal model.
Rahmel DK, Pohlmann G, Iwatschenko P, Volland J, Liebisch S, Kock H, Mecklenburg L, Maurer C, Kemkowski J, Taut FJ.
Reprod Toxicol. 2012 May 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22659287
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Use of samarium Sm 153 lexidronam for the treatment of dogs with primary tumors of the skull: 20 cases (1986-2006).
Vancil JM, Henry CJ, Milner RJ, McCoig AM, Lattimer JC, Villamil JA, McCaw DL, Bryan JN.
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2012 Jun 1;240(11):1310-5.
PMID:
22607597
[PubMed - in process]
Bis(µ-2-{bis-[(2-oxidobenzyl-idene)amino]-meth-yl}phenolato)bis-[(tetra-hydro-furan)-samarium(III)] tetra-hydro-furan disolvate.
Li L, Zhou Y, Yuan F.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2012 May 1;68(Pt 5):m603-4. Epub 2012 Apr 18.
PMID:
22590109
[PubMed - in process]
Free PMC Article
Trichlorido{µ-6,6'-dimeth-oxy-2,2'-[cyclo-hexane-1,2-diylbis(nitrilo-methanylyl-idene)]diphenolato}dimethano-l-copper(II)samarium(III).
Wang Y, Zhang Q, Yan PF, Hou GF, Li HF.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2012 May 1;68(Pt 5):m589. Epub 2012 Apr 13.
PMID:
22590099
[PubMed - in process]
Free PMC Article
catena-Poly[[[aqua-[3-(3-hy-droxy-phen-yl)prop-2-enoato]samarium(III)]-bis-[µ(2)-3-(3-hy-droxy-phen-yl)prop-2-enoato]] monohydrate].
Guo JK, Wen YH.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2012 May 1;68(Pt 5):m543-4. Epub 2012 Apr 4.
PMID:
22590067
[PubMed - in process]
Free PMC Article
Insights into the Mechanism of Reaction of [(C(5) Me(5) )(2) Sm(II) (thf)(2) ] with CO(2) and COS by DFT Studies.
Castro L, Labouille S, Kindra DR, Ziller JW, Nief F, Evans WJ, Maron L.
Chemistry. 2012 May 9. doi: 10.1002/chem.201103192. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22573516
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Analysis of elemental concentration using ICP-AES and pathogen indicator in drinking water of Qasim Abad, District Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
Sehar S, Naz I, Ali N, Ahmed S.
Environ Monit Assess. 2012 Apr 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22544071
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Single Samarium Atoms in Large Fullerene Cages. Characterization of Two Isomers of Sm@C92 and Four Isomers of Sm@C94 with the X-ray Crystallographic Identification of Sm@C1(42)-C92, Sm@Cs(24)-C92, and Sm@C3v(134)-C94.
Jin H, Yang H, Yu M, Liu Z, Beavers CM, Olmstead MM, Balch AL.
J Am Chem Soc. 2012 Apr 26. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22536841
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Crystal structure of a Trypanosoma brucei metacaspase.
McLuskey K, Rudolf J, Proto WR, Isaacs NW, Coombs GH, Moss CX, Mottram JC.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 May 8;109(19):7469-74. Epub 2012 Apr 23.
PMID:
22529389
[PubMed - in process]
Free PMC Article
Therapeutic strategies for bone metastases and their clinical sequelae in prostate cancer.
Autio KA, Scher HI, Morris MJ.
Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2012 Jun;13(2):174-88.
PMID:
22528368
[PubMed - in process]
Bone-targeting radiopharmaceuticals for the treatment of prostate cancer with bone metastases.
Goyal J, Antonarakis ES.
Cancer Lett. 2012 Apr 17. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22521546
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Magnetic compression anastomosis for bile duct stenosis after donor left hepatectomy: a case report.
Oya H, Sato Y, Yamanouchi E, Yamamoto S, Hara Y, Kokai H, Sakamoto T, Miura K, Shioji K, Aoyagi Y, Hatakeyama K.
Transplant Proc. 2012 Apr;44(3):806-9.
PMID:
22483501
[PubMed - in process]
Trichloridotris{N-[phen-yl(pyridin-2-yl)-methyl-idene]hydroxyl-amine-?N,N'}samarium(III).
Lei T, Chen W, Chen Y, Hu B, Li Y.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2012 Mar 1;68(Pt 3):m344-5. Epub 2012 Feb 29.
PMID:
22412474
[PubMed - in process]
Free PMC Article
Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of 3-biaryl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylic acid methyl esters.
Torun L, Madras BK, Meltzer PC.
Bioorg Med Chem. 2012 Apr 15;20(8):2762-72. Epub 2012 Feb 8.
PMID:
22398259
[PubMed - in process]
Two isomorphous lanthanide crotonate complexes: di-µ-but-2-enoato-bis[diaquabis(but-2-enoato)dysprosium(III)] adenine monosolvate heptahydrate and the samarium(II) analogue.
Atria AM, Garland MT, Baggio R.
Acta Crystallogr C. 2012 Mar;68(Pt 3):m80-4. Epub 2012 Feb 25.
PMID:
22382540
[PubMed]
Upgrade of the resonance ionization laser ion source at ISOLDE on-line isotope separation facility: new lasers and new ion beams.
Fedosseev VN, Berg LE, Fedorov DV, Fink D, Launila OJ, Losito R, Marsh BA, Rossel RE, Rothe S, Seliverstov MD, Sjödin AM, Wendt KD.
Rev Sci Instrum. 2012 Feb;83(2):02A903.
PMID:
22380244
[PubMed - in process]
Preparation of samarium(II) iodide: quantitative evaluation of the effect of water, oxygen, and peroxide content, preparative methods, and the activation of samarium metal.
Szostak M, Spain M, Procter DJ.
J Org Chem. 2012 Apr 6;77(7):3049-59. Epub 2012 Mar 20.
PMID:
22375820
[PubMed - in process]
Crystallization of new samarium polyborates.
Wu ZY, Brandao P, Lin Z.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Mar 5;51(5):3088-93. Epub 2012 Feb 23.
PMID:
22360359
[PubMed - in process]
Accumulation of rare earth elements by siderophore-forming Arthrobacter luteolus isolated from rare earth environment of Chavara, India.
Emmanuel ES, Ananthi T, Anandkumar B, Maruthamuthu S.
J Biosci. 2012 Mar;37(1):25-31.
PMID:
22357200
[PubMed - in process]
Free Article
Uncovering the global life cycles of the rare Earth elements.
Du X, Graedel TE.
Sci Rep. 2011;1:145. Epub 2011 Nov 4.
PMID:
22355662
[PubMed] |
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