American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopeia/British Pharmacopeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. American Elements specializes in producing high purity Zirconium Selenide Sputtering Targets with the highest possible density and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes nanoparticles. We also produce Zirconium as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request.
Zirconium is a Block D, Group 4, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Zirconium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d2 5s2. In its elemental form zirconium's CAS number is 7440-67-7. The zirconium atom has a radius of 159.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Zirconium is non-toxic. Zirconium’s principal mineral is zircon (Zirconium Silicate) and is primarily used in its oxide or zirconia form. Zirconium dioxide has a high melting point (2,700° C) and a low thermal conductivity. Its polymorphism, however, restricts its widespread use in ceramic industry. During a heating process, zirconia will undergo a phase transformation process. The change in volume associated with this transformation makes the usage of pure zirconia in many applications impossible. Addition of some oxides, such as CaO, MgO, and Y2O3, into the zirconia structure in a certain degree results in a solid solution, which is a cubic form and has no phase transformation during heating and cooling. This solid solution material is termed as stabilized zirconia, a valuable refractory. Stabilized zirconia is used as a grinding media and engineering ceramics due to its increased hardness and high thermal shock resistivity. Stabilized zirconia is also used in applications such as oxygen sensors and solid oxide fuel cells due to its high oxygen ion conductivity.Zirconium was first discovered by William Gregor in 1791. The name Zirconium originated from the Persian word 'zargun' meaning gold color or gold-like. See Zirconium research below.
Selenium is a Block P, Group 16, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Selenium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 6 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4. In its elemental form selenium's CAS number is 7782-49-2. The selenium atom has a radius of 116.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 190.pm. The EPA does not classify selenium as carcinogenic, although selenium sulfide is a probable carcinogen. Selenates and selenites which are compounds of selenium, are highly toxic. Hydrogen selenide gas (SeH2) is the most acutely toxic compound of selenium. Selenium exhibits both photovoltaic action, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photoconductive action, where the electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination. of photocells and exposure meters for photographic use, as well as solar cells. Below its melting point, selenium is a p-type semiconductor and has many uses in electronic and solid-state applications. Selenium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Selenium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1817. The origin of the name Selenium comes from the Greek word "Selênê" meaning moon. See selenium research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Zirconium arsenate-modified silica nanoparticles for specific capture of phosphopeptides and direct analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.
Zhao PX, Guo XF, Wang H, Qi CB, Xia HS, Zhang HS.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011 Nov 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22105300
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A surface derivatization strategy for combinatorial analysis of cell response to mixtures of protein domains.
Chiang C, Karuri SW, Kshatriya PP, Schwartz J, Schwarzbauer JE, Karuri NW.
Langmuir. 2011 Nov 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22103809
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Environmentally stable flexible metal-insulator-metal capacitors using zirconium-silicate and hafnium-silicate thin film composite materials as gate dielectrics.
Meena JS, Chu MC, Wu CS, Ravipati S, Ko FH.
J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2011 Aug;11(8):6858-67.
PMID:
22103091
[PubMed - in process]
Highly sensitive protein kinase activity assay based on electrochemiluminescence nanoprobes.
Zhao Z, Zhou X, Xing D.
Biosens Bioelectron. 2011 Oct 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22100765
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Corrosion fatigue behavior of a biocompatible ultrafine-grained niobium alloy in simulated body fluid.
Rubitschek F, Niendorf T, Karaman I, Maier HJ.
J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2012 Jan;5(1):181-92. Epub 2011 Sep 8.
PMID:
22100093
[PubMed - in process]
Fabrication and characterization of biocompatible nacre-like structures from ?-zirconium hydrogen phosphate hydrate and chitosan.
Waraich SM, Hering B, Burghard Z, Bill J, Behrens P, Menzel H.
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2011 Oct 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22099057
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Wear resistance of experimental titanium alloys for dental applications.
Faria AC, Rodrigues RC, Claro AP, de Mattos Mda G, Ribeiro RF.
J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2011 Nov;4(8):1873-9. Epub 2011 Jun 15.
PMID:
22098886
[PubMed - in process]
Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Cyanate Ester/Nano-ZrW(2)O(8) Composites with Tailored Thermal Expansion.
Badrinarayanan P, Rogalski MK, Kessler MR.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2011 Nov 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22098430
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Single-step fabrication of nanolamellar structured oxide ceramic coatings by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition.
Eils NK, Mechnich P, Keune H, Wahl G, Klages CP.
J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2011 Sep;11(9):8396-402.
PMID:
22097592
[PubMed - in process]
Metalcones: hybrid organic-inorganic films fabricated using atomic and molecular layer deposition techniques.
George SM, Lee BH, Yoon B, Abdulagatov AI, Hall RA.
J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2011 Sep;11(9):7948-55.
PMID:
22097511
[PubMed - in process]
Reliability and fatigue failure modes of implant-supported aluminum-oxide fixed dental prostheses.
Stappert CF, Baldassarri M, Zhang Y, Hänssler F, Rekow ED, Van P Thompson.
Clin Oral Implants Res. 2011 Sep 5. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02281.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22093019
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Titanium-zirconium alloy narrow-diameter implants (Straumann Roxolid(®) ) for the rehabilitation of horizontally deficient edentulous ridges: prospective study on 18 consecutive patients.
Chiapasco M, Casentini P, Zaniboni M, Corsi E, Anello T.
Clin Oral Implants Res. 2011 Aug 18. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02296.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22092806
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Retention of implant-supported zirconium oxide ceramic restorations using different luting agents.
Nejatidanesh F, Savabi O, Shahtoosi M.
Clin Oral Implants Res. 2011 Nov 14. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02358.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22092303
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Tetra-kis(picolinato-?N,O)zirconium(IV) dihydrate.
Steyn M, Visser HG, Roodt A, Muller TJ.
Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Sep 1;67(Pt 9):m1240-1. Epub 2011 Aug 17.
PMID:
22065566
[PubMed]
2,4-Pentanediolate as an Alkoxide/Diketonate "Hybrid" Ligand and the Formation of Aluminum and Zirconium Derivatives.
Bierschenk EJ, Wilk NR, Hanusa TP.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Nov 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22053749
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of mesoporous zirconia-hydroxyapatite nanocomposites and their dual surface affinity for Cr3+/Cr2O72- ions.
Achelhi K, Masse S, Laurent GP, Roux C, Laghzizil A, Saoiabi A, Coradin T.
Langmuir. 2011 Nov 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22053732
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Synthesis, Characterization, and Materials Chemistry of Group 4 Silylimides.
Cosham SD, Johnson AL, Molloy KC, Kingsley AJ.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Nov 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22053704
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Influence of cement thickness on resin-zirconia microtensile bond strength.
Lee TH, Ahn JS, Shim JS, Han CH, Kim SJ.
J Adv Prosthodont. 2011 Sep;3(3):119-25. Epub 2011 Sep 25.
PMID:
22053241
[PubMed]
Reliability of a new biokinetic model of zirconium in internal dosimetry: part ii, parameter sensitivity analysis.
Li WB, Greiter M, Oeh U, Hoeschen C.
Health Phys. 2011 Dec;101(6):677-92.
PMID:
22048486
[PubMed - in process]
Reliability of a new biokinetic model of zirconium in internal dosimetry: part I, parameter uncertainty analysis.
Li WB, Greiter M, Oeh U, Hoeschen C.
Health Phys. 2011 Dec;101(6):660-76.
PMID:
22048485
[PubMed - in process]
Recent Research & Development for Selenium
Selenoprotein K binds multi-protein complexes and is involved in the regulation of ER homeostasis.
Shchedrina VA, Everley RA, Zhang Y, Gygi SP, Hatfield DL, Gladyshev VN.
J Biol Chem. 2011 Oct 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22016385
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Catalytic activity of selenomethionine in removing amino acid, peptide, and protein hydroperoxides.
Suryo Rahmanto A, Davies MJ.
Free Radic Biol Med. 2011 Oct 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22015433
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Combination of chemometrically assisted voltammetry, calorimetry, and circular dichroism as a new method for the study of bioinorganic substances: application to selenocystine metal complexes.
Gusmão R, Prohens R, Díaz-Cruz JM, Ariño C, Esteban M.
J Biol Inorg Chem. 2011 Oct 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22015398
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Marine and farmed fish on the Polish market: Comparison of the nutritive value and human exposure to PCDD/Fs and other contaminants.
Szlinder-Richert J, Usydus Z, Malesa-Ciecwierz M, Polak-Juszczak L, Ruczynska W.
Chemosphere. 2011 Oct 17. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22014661
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Dietary selenium reduces retention of methyl mercury in freshwater fish.
Bjerregaard P, Fjordside S, Hansen MG, Petrova MB.
Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Oct 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22014184
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Plant and fungal food components with potential activity on the development of microbial oral diseases.
Daglia M, Papetti A, Mascherpa D, Grisoli P, Giusto G, Lingström P, Pratten J, Signoretto C, Spratt DA, Wilson M, Zaura E, Gazzani G.
J Biomed Biotechnol. 2011;2011:274578. Epub 2011 Oct 17.
PMID:
22013381
[PubMed - in process]
Selenium, selenoproteins and the thyroid gland: interactions in health and disease.
Schomburg L.
Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011 Oct 18. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2011.174. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22009156
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Selenium inhibits migration of murine melanoma cells via down-modulation of IL-18 expression.
Song H, Kim J, Lee HK, Park HJ, Nam J, Park GB, Kim YS, Cho D, Hur DY.
Int Immunopharmacol. 2011 Oct 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22008306
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Detection, Identification, and Quantification of Selenoproteins in a Candidate Human Plasma Standard Reference Material.
Ballihaut G, Kilpatrick LE, Davis WC.
Anal Chem. 2011 Oct 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22007999
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Severe pre-eclampsia is associated with abnormal trace elements concentrations in maternal and fetal blood.
Katz O, Paz-Tal O, Lazer T, Aricha-Tamir B, Mazor M, Wiznitzer A, Sheiner E.
J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011 Oct 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22007865
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effects of Selenium Supplements on Cancer Prevention: Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Lee EH, Myung SK, Jeon YJ, Kim Y, Chang YJ, Ju W, Seo HG, Huh BY.
Nutr Cancer. 2011 Oct 17. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22004275
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Study of the correlation of serum selenium level with Behcet's disease.
Esalatmanesh K, Jamshidi A, Shahram F, Davatchi F, Masoud SA, Soleimani Z, Salesi M, Ghaffarpasand I.
Int J Rheum Dis. 2011 Oct;14(4):375-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-185X.2011.01649.x. Epub 2011 Sep 5.
PMID:
22004235
[PubMed - in process]
Multi-metal(loid) methylation in methanoarchaea is linked to central intermediates of methanogenesis.
Thomas F, Diaz-Bone RA, Wuerfel O, Huber B, Weidenbach K, Schmitz RA, Hensel R.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22003009
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The Effects of Di(2-Ethylhexyl)Phthalate Exposure and Selenium Nutrition on Sertoli Cell Vimentin Structure and Germ-Cell Apoptosis in Rat Testis.
Erkekoglu P, Zeybek ND, Giray B, Asan E, Hincal F.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011 Oct 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22002783
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A superoxide anion-scavenger, 1,3-selenazolidin-4-one suppresses serum deprivation-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells by activating MAP kinase.
Nishina A, Kimura H, Kozawa K, Sommen G, Nakamura T, Heimgartner H, Koketsu M, Furukawa S.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011 Oct 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22001386
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Nutrition, dietary supplements and adenocarcinoma of the prostate.
Schultz C, Meier M, Schmid HP.
Maturitas. 2011 Oct 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22001108
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Interactions of Cu(I) with Selenium-Containing Amino Acids Determined by NMR, XAS, and DFT Studies.
Wang HC, Riahi M, Pothen J, Bayse CA, Riggs-Gelasco P, Brumaghim JL.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21999616
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effects of Basal Media and Supplements on Diethylstilbestrol-Treated Immature Mouse Primary Granulosa Cell Growth and Regulation of Steroidogenesis In Vitro.
Ding T, Luo A, Yang S, Lai Z, Wang Y, Shen W, Jiang J, Lu Y, Ma D, Wang S.
Reprod Domest Anim. 2011 Oct 15. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01879.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21999365
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Demographic and lifestyle factors and selenium levels in men and women in the U.S.
Park K, Rimm E, Siscovick D, Spiegelman D, Morris JS, Mozaffarian D.
Nutr Res Pract. 2011 Aug;5(4):357-64. Epub 2011 Aug 31.
PMID:
21994531
[PubMed - in process]
New group 11 complexes with metal-selenium bonds of methyldiphenylphosphane selenide: a solid state, solution and theoretical investigation.
Pop A, Silvestru A, Gimeno MC, Laguna A, Kulcsar M, Arca M, Lippolis V, Pintus A.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Oct 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21993712
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Proud sponsors of Aeromat 2012. Please join us and our customers & co-sponsors Boeing and ATI on
June 18-20, 2012
in Charlotte, North Carolina
and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes nanoparticles. We also produce Zirconium as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request.
Zirconium is a Block D, Group 4, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Zirconium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d2 5s2. In its elemental form zirconium's CAS number is 7440-67-7. The zirconium atom has a radius of 159.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Zirconium is non-toxic. Zirconium’s principal mineral is zircon (Zirconium Silicate) and is primarily used in its oxide or zirconia form. Zirconium dioxide has a high melting point (2,700° C) and a low thermal conductivity. Its polymorphism, however, restricts its widespread use in ceramic industry. During a heating process, zirconia will undergo a phase transformation process. The change
in volume associated with this transformation makes the usage of pure zirconia in many applications impossible. Addition of some oxides, such as CaO, MgO, and Y2O3, into the zirconia structure in a 
certain degree results in a solid solution, which is a cubic form and has no phase transformation during heating and cooling. This solid solution material is termed as stabilized zirconia, a valuable refractory. Stabilized zirconia is used as a grinding media and engineering ceramics due to its increased hardness and high thermal shock resistivity. Stabilized zirconia is also used in applications such as oxygen sensors and solid oxide fuel cells due to its high oxygen ion conductivity.Zirconium was first discovered by William Gregor in 1791. The name Zirconium originated from the Persian word 'zargun' meaning gold color or gold-like. See Zirconium research below. 
Selenium is a Block P, Group 16, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Selenium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 6 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4. In its elemental form selenium's CAS number is 7782-49-2. The selenium atom has a radius of 116.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 190.pm. The EPA does not classify selenium as carcinogenic, although selenium sulfide 
is a probable carcinogen. Selenates and selenites which are compounds of selenium, are highly toxic. Hydrogen selenide gas (SeH2) is the most acutely toxic compound of selenium. Selenium exhibits both photovoltaic action, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photoconductive action, where the electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination. of photocells and exposure meters for photographic use, as 
well as solar cells. Below its melting point, selenium is a p-type semiconductor and has many uses in electronic and solid-state applications. Selenium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Selenium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1817. The origin of the name Selenium comes from the Greek word "Selênê" meaning moon. See selenium research below. 
