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Hafnium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.

Hafnium is one of the Group IV transition elements that is refined from various zirconic mineral deposits. Hafnium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It's primary uses are due to its ability as a nuclear "getter" or absorber of neutrons. It is a primary component in nuclear control rods for this purpose. It also finds uses as a dopant in the alloy of steel and titanium. It is also used in the production of mantles for high intensity incandescent lamps.

Hafnium is replacing polysilicon as the principle gate or electrode material in metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) which are the basis for all modern semiconductors. As semiconductors have gotten smaller, the limiting factor in further size reduction has been the ability of the silicon oxide gate to perform below 10 angstroms where leakage occurs. Recent research has been devoted to the development of High-k materials which can function as a di-electric barrier or gate with lower leakage. Using hafnium based alloys as this di-electric gate has allowed for the development of MOSFET gates smaller than 10 angstroms. This allows for further size reduction, reduced switching power requirements and improved performance.

Hafnium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are

 

  Hydrogen                                 Helium
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  Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
  Cesium Barium Cerium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
                                     
      Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium    
      Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawerencium    


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available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.

Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Hafnium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.

Hafnium is a Block D, Group 4, Period 6 element. The electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2. In its elemental form hafnium's CAS number is 7440-58-6. The hafnium atom has a radius of 156.4.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm.

All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology advantages. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Hafnium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.

Hafnium was first discovered by Dirk Coster in 1923.

French hafnium German Hafnium Italian afnio Portuguese Háfnio Spanish hafnio Swedish Hafnium

Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of hafnium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.

Isotope
Atomic Mass
% Abundance on Earth
Hf-174
173.940040
0.162
Hf-176
175.941402
5.206
Hf-177
176.943220
18.606
Hf-178
177.943698
27.297
Hf-179
178.945815
13.629
Hf-180
179.946549
35.100

Safety Data. The safety data for hafnium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin.

Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for hafnium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:

1st Ionization Energy
658.52 kJ mol-1
2nd Ionization Energy
1437.64 kJ mol-1
3rd Ionization Energy
2248.12 kJ mol-1

Conductivity. As to hafnium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 şC is 33.08 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1.3. The thermal conductivity of hafnium is 23 W m-1 K-1.

Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for hafnium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.

Heat of Fusion
25.5 kJ mol-1
Heat of Vaporization
570.7 kJ mol-1
Heat of Atomization
618.9 kJ mol-1

 
Formula Atomic Number Molecular Weight Electronegativity (Pauling) Density Melting Point
Boiling Point
Vanderwaals radius
Ionic radius Energy of first ionization
Hf 72 178.49 g.mol -1 1.3 13.07 g.cm-3 at 20 °C 2200 °C 5200 °C 200.pm 0.075 nm (+4) 658.52 kJ.mol-1

PRODUCT CATALOG U.S. Operations Submicron & Nanopowder Tolling Ultra High Purity Sputtering Target Crystal Growth Rod, Plate, Powder, etc. Foil
 
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Recent Research & Development for Hafnium

  • Catalytic transamidation reactions compatible with tertiary amide metathesis under ambient conditions. Stephenson NA, Zhu J, Gellman SH, Stahl SS. J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Jul 29;131(29):10003-8. PMID: 19621957 [PubMed - in process]

  • Synthesis and structure of dinuclear hafnium(IV) and zirconium(IV) complexes sandwiched between 2 mono-lacunary alpha-Keggin polyoxometalates. Nomiya K, Saku Y, Yamada S, Takahashi W, Sekiya H, Shinohara A, Ishimaru M, Sakai Y. Dalton Trans. 2009 Jul 28;(28):5504-11. Epub 2009 May 29. PMID: 19587994 [PubMed - in process]

    Comparison of the synthesis of Ge nanocrystals in hafnium aluminum oxide and silicon oxide matrices. Chew HG, Zheng F, Choi WK, Chim WK, Fitzgerald EA, Foo YL. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2009 Feb;9(2):1577-81. PMID: 19441574 [PubMed]

    The controlled deposition of metal oxides onto carbon nanotubes by atomic layer deposition: examples and a case study on the application of V2O4 coated nanotubes in gas sensing. Willinger MG, Neri G, Bonavita A, Micali G, Rauwel E, Herntrich T, Pinna N. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2009 May 21;11(19):3615-22. Epub 2009 Mar 30. PMID: 19421470 [PubMed]

    Atomic scale imaging and spectroscopy of individual electron trap states using force detected dynamic tunnelling. Johnson JP, Zheng N, Williams CC. Nanotechnology. 2009 Feb 4;20(5):55701. Epub 2009 Jan 12. PMID: 19417360 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

    Observation of Zr2(2+), Cd2(2+), Hf2(2+), W2(2+), and Pt2(2+) in the gas phase. Franzreb K, Pis Diez R, Alonso JA. J Chem Phys. 2009 Apr 14;130(14):144312. PMID: 19368450 [PubMed]

    Hafnium carbamates and ureates: new class of precursors for low-temperature growth of HfO2 thin films. Pothiraja R, Milanov AP, Barreca D, Gasparotto A, Becker HW, Winter M, Fischer RA, Devi A. Chem Commun (Camb). 2009 Apr 21;(15):1978-80. Epub 2009 Feb 25. PMID: 19333463 [PubMed]

    Internal correction of hafnium oxide spectral interferences and mass bias in the determination of platinum in environmental samples using isotope dilution analysis. Rodríguez-Castrillón JA, Moldovan M, García Alonso JI. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2009 May;394(1):351-62. Epub 2009 Mar 14. PMID: 19288088 [PubMed]

    Determination of microamounts of hafnium in zirconium using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry during their separation by ion exchange on Diphonix chelating resin. Smolik M, Jakóbik-Kolon A. Anal Chem. 2009 Apr 1;81(7):2685-7. PMID: 19256520 [PubMed]

    Reactive landing of gas-phase ions as a tool for the fabrication of metal oxide surfaces for in situ phosphopeptide enrichment. Blacken GR, Volný M, Diener M, Jackson KE, Ranjitkar P, Maly DJ, Turecek F. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 2009 Jun;20(6):915-26. Epub 2009 Jan 22. PMID: 19251440 [PubMed - in process]

    Isolation of a 177Hf complex formed by beta-decay of a 177Lu-labeled radiotherapeutic compound and NMR structural elucidation of the ligand and its Lu and Hf complexes. Cagnolini A, D'Amelio N, Metcalfe E, Nguyen HD, Aime S, Swenson RE, Linder KE. Inorg Chem. 2009 Apr 6;48(7):3114-24. PMID: 19243162 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

    Synthetic Studies on (-)-Lemonomycin: An Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis of Lemonomycinone Amide. Wu YC, Bernadat G, Masson G, Couturier C, Schlama T, Zhu J. J Org Chem. 2009 Feb 5. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19196163 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

    Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance studies of octadecyl modified metal oxides obtained from different silane precursors. Kailasam K, Natile MM, Glisenti A, Müller K. J Chromatogr A. 2009 Mar 20;1216(12):2345-54. Epub 2009 Jan 9. PMID: 19178911 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

    Hafnium transistor design for neural interfacing. Parent DW, Basham EJ. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2008;2008:3356-9. PMID: 19163428 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

    Sandwich-type Hf(IV) and Zr(IV)complexes composed of tri-lacunary Keggin polyoxometalates: structure of [M(3)(mu-OH)(3)(A-alpha-PW(9)O(34))(2)](9-) (M = Hf and Zr). Saku Y, Sakai Y, Shinohara A, Hayashi K, Yoshida S, Kato CN, Yoza K, Nomiya K. Dalton Trans. 2009 Feb 7;(5):805-13. Epub 2008 Dec 4. PMID: 19156274 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

    High-speed memory from carbon nanotube field-effect transistors with high-kappa gate dielectric. Rinkiö M, Johansson A, Paraoanu GS, Törmä P. Nano Lett. 2009 Feb;9(2):643-7. PMID: 19152310 [PubMed]

    Study on the formation of self-assembled monolayers on sol-gel processed hafnium oxide as dielectric layers. Ting GG 2nd, Acton O, Ma H, Ka JW, Jen AK. Langmuir. 2009 Feb 17;25(4):2140-7. PMID: 19128035 [PubMed]

    Enrichment/isolation of phosphorylated peptides on hafnium oxide prior to mass spectrometric analysis. Rivera JG, Choi YS, Vujcic S, Wood TD, Colón LA. Analyst. 2009 Jan;134(1):31-3. Epub 2008 Oct 21. PMID: 19082170 [PubMed - in process]

    A combined ab initio and Franck-Condon factor simulation study on the photodetachment spectrum of HfO2-. Mok DK, Lee EP, Chau FT, Dyke JM. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2008 Dec 28;10(48):7270-7. Epub 2008 Oct 29. PMID: 19060972 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

    Generation of oxide nanopatterns by combining self-assembly of S-layer proteins and area-selective atomic layer deposition. Liu J, Mao Y, Lan E, Banatao DR, Forse GJ, Lu J, Blom HO, Yeates TO, Dunn B, Chang JP. J Am Chem Soc. 2008 Dec 17;130(50):16908-13. PMID: 19053479 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related Articles

 

 

 

 

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