American Elements
   



Products
Rhodium Bars
Rhodium Chloride
Rhodium Coins
Rhodium Telluride
Rhodium
Rhodium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.

Rhodium is a member of the platinum group of metals. It has a higher melting point than platinum, but a lower density. It is alloyed with platinum and palladium in electrodes for spark plugs, advanced laboratory equipment and in thermocouples. Rhodium compounds also have catalytic uses in automotive catalytic converters. Rhodium is used as a plating metal in jewelry production to enhance the whiteness of white gold. Rhodium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder.

Rhodium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are

 

  Hydrogen                                 Helium
  Lithium Beryllium                     Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
  Sodium Magnesium                     Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
  Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Hydrogen Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
  Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
  Cesium Barium Cerium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
                                     
      Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium    
      Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawerencium    


(click on an element)
available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.

Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Rhodium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.

Rhodium is a Block D, Group 9, Period 5 element. The electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d8 5s1. In its elemental form rhodium's CAS number is 7440-16-6. The rhodium atom has a radius of 134.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm.

All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology advantages. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Rhodium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.

Rhodium was first discovered by William Wollaston in 1803.

French Rhodium German Rhodium Italian Rodio Portuguese Ródio Spanish Rodio Swedish Rhodium

Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of rhodium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.

Isotope
Atomic Mass
% Abundance on Earth
Rh-103
102.905504
100

Safety Data. The safety data for rhodium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin.

Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for rhodium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:

1st Ionization Energy
719.68 kJ mol-1
2nd Ionization Energy
1744.47 kJ mol-1
3rd Ionization Energy
2996.86 kJ mol-1

Conductivity. As to rhodium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ŗC is 4.51 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 2.28. The thermal conductivity of rhodium is 150 W m-1 K-1.

Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for rhodium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.

Heat of Fusion
21.55 kJ mol-1
Heat of Vaporization
494.34 kJ mol-1
Heat of Atomization
555.59 kJ mol-1

 
Formula Atomic Number Molecular Weight Electronegativity (Pauling) Density Melting Point
Boiling Point
Vanderwaals radius
Ionic radius Energy of first ionization
Rh 45 102.91 g.mol -1 2.2 12.4 g.cm-3 at 20 °C 1970 °C 3727 °C 200.pm unknown 719.68 kJ.mol-1

PRODUCT CATALOG U.S. Operations Submicron & Nanopowder Tolling Ultra High Purity Sputtering Target Crystal Growth Rod, Plate, Powder, etc. Foil
 
© 2001-2009. American Elements is a U.S. Registered Trademark. All rights reserved.
This website, the Periodic Table of the Elements information, Element and Materials
Science presentations and all pages, designs, concepts, logos, and color schemes herein
are the copyrighted proprietary rights and intellectual property of American Elements.

 

Recent Research & Development for Rhodium

  • Preparation of Rhodium Nanoparticles in Carbon Dioxide Induced Ionic Liquids and their Application to Selective Hydrogenation. Cimpeanu V, Kocevar M, Parvulescu VI, Leitner W. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2008 Dec 30. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available. PMID: 19116999 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Stereoselective Hydrogenation of Olefins Using Rhodium-Substituted Carbonic Anhydrase-A New Reductase. Jing Q, Okrasa K, Kazlauskas RJ. Chemistry. 2008 Dec 29. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19115310 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Chelation-Assisted Carbon-Halogen Bond Activation by a Rhodium(I) Complex. Chen S, Li Y, Zhao J, Li X. Inorg Chem. 2008 Dec 23. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19105736 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Catalytic Carbon-Carbon sigma Bond Activation: An Intramolecular Carbo-Acylation Reaction with Acylquinolines. Dreis AM, Douglas CJ. J Am Chem Soc. 2008 Dec 23. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19105696 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Cytotoxic Rhodium(III) and Iridium(III) Polypyridyl Complexes: Structure-Activity Relationships, Antileukemic Activity, and Apoptosis Induction. Dobroschke M, Geldmacher Y, Ott I, Harlos M, Kater L, Wagner L, Gust R, Sheldrick WS, Prokop A. ChemMedChem. 2008 Dec 19. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19101960 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Enantioselective [2+2+2] Cycloadditions for the Synthesis of Axially Chiral Biaryls. Tanaka K. Chem Asian J. 2008 Dec 19. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19101940 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Dendrimer-rhodium nanoparticle modified glassy carbon electrode for amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide. Chandra S, Lokesh KS, Nicolai A, Lang H. Anal Chim Acta. 2009 Jan 19;632(1):63-8. Epub 2008 Nov 5. PMID: 19100883 [PubMed - in process]

  • Rhodium-Catalyzed Direct Oxidative Carbonylation of Aromatic C-H Bond with CO and Alcohols. Guan ZH, Ren ZH, Spinella SM, Yu S, Liang YM, Zhang X. J Am Chem Soc. 2008 Dec 19. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19099479 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Alkyl dehydrogenation in a Rh(i) complex via an isolated agostic intermediate. Chaplin AB, Poblador-Bahamonde AI, Sparkes HA, Howard JA, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. Chem Commun (Camb). 2009 Jan 14;(2):244-6. Epub 2008 Nov 19. PMID: 19099083 [PubMed - in process]

  • Towards [Cp( *)Rh(bpy)(H(2)O)](2+)-promoted P450 catalysis: Direct regeneration of CytC. Hollmann F, Schmid A. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Nov 20. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19087893 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Elevated metallothionein-bound cadmium concentrations in urine from bladder carcinoma patients, investigated by size exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Wolf C, Strenziok R, Kyriakopoulos A. Anal Chim Acta. 2009 Jan 12;631(2):218-22. Epub 2008 Nov 1. PMID: 19084629 [PubMed - in process]

  • Diastereoisomeric bisphosphite ligands in the hydroformylation of octenes: rhodium catalysis and HP-NMR investigations. Selent D, Baumann W, Wiese KD, Börner A. Chem Commun (Camb). 2008 Dec 14;(46):6203-5. Epub 2008 Oct 31. PMID: 19082120 [PubMed - in process]

  • Flexible scorpionates for transfer hydrogenation: the first example of their catalytic application. Tsoureas N, Owen GR, Hamilton A, Orpen AG. Dalton Trans. 2008 Nov 21;(43):6039-44. Epub 2008 Sep 23. PMID: 19082061 [PubMed - in process]

  • Diazaphospholidine terminated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes in the hydroformylation of vinyl acetate. Vautravers NR, Cole-Hamilton DJ. Chem Commun (Camb). 2009 Jan 7;(1):92-4. Epub 2008 Nov 21. PMID: 19082009 [PubMed - in process]

  • Stereoelectronic effects in a homologous series of bidentate cyclic phosphines. A clear correlation of hydroformylation catalyst activity with ring size. Haddow MF, Middleton AJ, Orpen AG, Pringle PG, Papp R. Dalton Trans. 2009 Jan 7;(1):202-9. Epub 2008 Nov 25. PMID: 19081990 [PubMed - in process]

  • A further discussion of the factors controlling the distribution of Pt, Pd, Rh and Au in road dust, gullies, road sweeper and gully flusher sediment in the city of Sheffield, UK. Prichard HM, Sampson J, Jackson M. Sci Total Environ. 2008 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19081605 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Quality assurance of PASADENA hyperpolarization for (13)C biomolecules. Hövener JB, Chekmenev EY, Harris KC, Perman WH, Tran TT, Ross BD, Bhattacharya P. MAGMA. 2008 Dec 6. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19067009 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Single and Double C--Cl-Activation of Methylene Chloride by P,N-ligand Coordinated Rhodium Complexes. Blank B, Glatz G, Kempe R. Chem Asian J. 2008 Dec 8. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19065598 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Practical Method for Asymmetric Addition of Arylboronic Acids to alpha,beta-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds Utilizing an In Situ Prepared Rhodium Catalyst. Lukin K, Zhang Q, Leanna MR. J Org Chem. 2008 Dec 5. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19061408 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Selectivity control in enantioselective four-component reactions of aryl diazoacetates with alcohols, aldehydes and amines: an efficient approach to synthesizing chiral beta-amino-alpha-hydroxyesters. Xu X, Zhou J, Yang L, Hu W. Chem Commun (Camb). 2008 Dec 28;(48):6564-6. Epub 2008 Nov 11. PMID: 19057780 [PubMed - in process]

 

 

 

 

American Elements Products can also be sourced at these sites:
 
 
 
electronics-ee.com