| Palladium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
 Palladium is a member of the platinum group of metals. It is an excellent hydrogenation and dehydrogenation catalyst. It is alloyed and used in jewelry. The metal is used in dentistry, watch making, and in making surgical instruments and electrical contacts. Platinum is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder.
Palladium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.
Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Lithium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.
Palladium is a Block D, Group 10, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Palladium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10. In its elemental form palladium's CAS number is 7440-05-3. The palladium atom has a radius of 137.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 163.pm.
 All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, thin fillm deposition using sputtering targets and evaporation materials, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology applications. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Lithium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.
Nickel-copper deposits are the main source of Palladium commercial production. Palladium was first discovered by William Hyde Wollaston in 1803.
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Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of lithium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
| Isotope |
Atomic Mass |
% Abundance on Earth |
| Li-6 |
6.0151223 |
7.5 |
| Li-7 |
7.0160040 |
92.5 |
Safety Data. The safety data for lithium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin.
Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for lithium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
| 1st Ionization Energy |
520.23 kJ mol-1 |
| 2nd Ionization Energy |
7298.22 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd Ionization Energy |
11815.13 kJ mol-1 |
Conductivity. As to lithium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 8.55 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 0.98. The thermal conductivity of lithium is 84.7 W m-1 K-1.
Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for lithium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
| Heat of Fusion |
4.6 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
147.7 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Atomization |
157.8 kJ mol-1 |
Recent Research & Development for Palladium
A general synthesis of alkenyl-substituted benzofurans, indoles, and isoquinolones by cascade palladium-catalyzed heterocyclization/oxidative Heck coupling.
Alvarez R, Martinez C, Madich Y, Denis JG, Aurrecoechea JM, de Lera AR.
Chemistry. 2012 Oct 22;18(43):13894-6. No abstract available.
PMID:
23251919
[PubMed - in process]
Direct quantitative analysis of arsenic in coal fly ash.
Hartuti S, Kambara S, Takeyama A, Kumabe K, Moritomi H.
J Anal Methods Chem. 2012;2012:438701. doi: 10.1155/2012/438701. Epub 2012 Nov 29.
PMID:
23251836
[PubMed - in process]
Metal complex catalysis in living biological systems.
Sasmal PK, Streu CN, Meggers E.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2012 Dec 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23250079
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Generation of 6H-benzo[f]cyclopenta[d][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxides via a palladium-catalyzed reaction of 2-(2-alkynyl)benzenesulfonamide.
Wang H, Luo Y, Hou X, Wu J.
Dalton Trans. 2012 Dec 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23249923
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Palladium-Catalyzed Carboxylative Coupling of Benzyl Chlorides with Allyltributylstannane: Remarkable Effect of Palladium Nanoparticles.
Feng X, Sun A, Zhang S, Yu X, Bao M.
Org Lett. 2012 Dec 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23249213
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Continuous Flow Sonogashira C-C Coupling Using a Heterogeneous Palladium-Copper Dual Reactor.
Tan LM, Sem ZY, Chong WY, Liu X, Hendra, Kwan WL, Lee CL.
Org Lett. 2012 Dec 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23248977
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative acylation of O-methyl ketoximes with a-keto acids.
Kim M, Park J, Sharma S, Kim A, Park E, Kwak JH, Jung YH, Kim IS.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2012 Dec 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23247196
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Chemical Kinetics of a Bi-Palladium Complex.
Doddridge EW, Forbes LK, Yates BF.
J Phys Chem A. 2012 Dec 17. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23244399
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Rapid spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of palladium in water samples after dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction.
Rahnama Kozani R, Mofid-Nakhaei J, Jamali MR.
Environ Monit Assess. 2012 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23242461
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
An Electrochemical Nickel-Catalyzed Arylation of 3-Amino-6-Chloropyridazines.
Sengmany S, Vitu-Thiebaud A, LE Gall E, Condon S, Leonel E, Thobie-Gautier C, Pipelier M, Lebreton J, Dubreuil D.
J Org Chem. 2012 Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23241172
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Palladium-Catalyzed Trifluoromethylation of Aromatic C-H Bond Directed by an Acetamino Group.
Zhang LS, Chen K, Chen G, Li BJ, Luo S, Guo QY, Wei JB, Shi ZJ.
Org Lett. 2012 Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23240710
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Water and temperature effects on photo-selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide on Pd-loaded TiO2 photocatalyst.
Lasek J, Yu YH, Wu JC.
Environ Technol. 2012 Sep;33(16-18):2133-41.
PMID:
23240208
[PubMed - in process]
Gold-Palladium Core-Shell Nanocrystals with Size and Shape Control Optimized for Catalytic Performance.
Henning AM, Watt J, Miedziak PJ, Cheong S, Santonastaso M, Song M, Takeda Y, Kirkland AI, Taylor SH, Tilley RD.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2012 Dec 12. doi: 10.1002/anie.201207824. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23239160
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Ether-Directed ortho-C-H Olefination with a Palladium(II)/Monoprotected Amino Acid Catalyst.
Li G, Leow D, Wan L, Yu JQ.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2012 Dec 13. doi: 10.1002/anie.201207770. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23239120
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Facile Access to 3-Acylindoles through Palladium-Catalyzed Addition of Indoles to Nitriles: The One-Pot Synthesis of Indenoindolones.
Ma Y, You J, Song F.
Chemistry. 2012 Dec 13. doi: 10.1002/chem.201203354. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23238950
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Utilizing modified flavonoids to construct a chemodosimeter array for discrimination of different palladium species by using principal component analysis.
Wang Y, Liu B, Tian J, Li Q, Du F, Wang T, Bai R.
Analyst. 2012 Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23237959
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Pd(6)O(4)(+): An Oxidation Resistant yet Highly Catalytically Active Nano-oxide Cluster.
Lang SM, Fleischer I, Bernhardt TM, Barnett RN, Landman U.
J Am Chem Soc. 2012 Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23237307
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Palladium-Promoted [2 + 2 + 2] Cocyclization of Arynes and Unsymmetrical Conjugated Dienes: Synthesis of Justicidin B and Retrojusticidin B.
Patel RM, Argade NP.
Org Lett. 2012 Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23237050
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A highly sensitive and selective turn-on fluorescent chemosensor for palladium based on a phosphine-rhodamine conjugate.
Cai S, Lu Y, He S, Wei F, Zhao L, Zeng X.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2012 Dec 20;49(8):822-4. doi: 10.1039/c2cc37746b.
PMID:
23235941
[PubMed - in process]
Structure and local reactivity of PdAg/Pd(111) surface alloys.
Mancera LA, Behm RJ, Groß A.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2012 Dec 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23235737
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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