| Palladium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
 Palladium is a member of the platinum group of metals. It is an excellent hydrogenation and dehydrogenation catalyst. It is alloyed and used in jewelry. The metal is used in dentistry, watch making, and in making surgical instruments and electrical contacts. Platinum is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder.
Palladium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.
Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Lithium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.
Palladium is a Block D, Group 10, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Palladium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10. In its elemental form palladium's CAS number is 7440-05-3. The palladium atom has a radius of 137.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 163.pm.
 All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, thin fillm deposition using sputtering targets and evaporation materials, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology applications. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Lithium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.
Palladium was first discovered by William Hyde Wollaston in 1803.
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Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of lithium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
| Isotope |
Atomic Mass |
% Abundance on Earth |
| Li-6 |
6.0151223 |
7.5 |
| Li-7 |
7.0160040 |
92.5 |
Safety Data. The safety data for lithium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin.
Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for lithium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
| 1st Ionization Energy |
520.23 kJ mol-1 |
| 2nd Ionization Energy |
7298.22 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd Ionization Energy |
11815.13 kJ mol-1 |
Conductivity. As to lithium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 şC is 8.55 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 0.98. The thermal conductivity of lithium is 84.7 W m-1 K-1.
Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for lithium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
| Heat of Fusion |
4.6 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
147.7 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Atomization |
157.8 kJ mol-1 |
Recent Research & Development for PalladiumPET study using [(11)C]FTIMD with ultra-high specific activity to evaluate I(2)-imidazoline receptors binding in rat brains.
Kawamura K, Kimura Y, Yui J, Wakizaka H, Yamasaki T, Hatori A, Kumata K, Fujinaga M, Yoshida Y, Ogawa M, Nengaki N, Fukumura T, Zhang MR.
Nucl Med Biol. 2011 Sep 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21958848
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Titanocene-Phosphine Derivatives as Precursors to Cytotoxic Heterometallic TiAu(2) and TiM (M = Pd, Pt) Compounds. Studies of Their Interactions with DNA.
González-Pantoja JF, Stern M, Jarzecki AA, Royo E, Robles-Escajeda E, Varela-Ramírez A, Aguilera RJ, Contel M.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Sep 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21958150
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Convenient and General Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Sonogashira Coupling of Aryl Amines.
Wu XF, Neumann H, Beller M.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2011 Sep 28. doi: 10.1002/anie.201104653. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.
PMID:
21957031
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A Convenient and General Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Coupling for the Synthesis of 2-Arylbenzoxazinones.
Wu XF, Schranck J, Neumann H, Beller M.
Chemistry. 2011 Sep 28. doi: 10.1002/chem.201102254. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.
PMID:
21956858
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Palladium Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Metal-Organic Framework as Efficient Heterogeneous Catalysts for Direct C2 Arylation of Indoles.
Huang Y, Lin Z, Cao R.
Chemistry. 2011 Sep 28. doi: 10.1002/chem.201101705. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21956646
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Palladium-Catalyzed Pentannulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
Lütke Eversloh C, Avlasevich Y, Li C, Müllen K.
Chemistry. 2011 Sep 28. doi: 10.1002/chem.201101126. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21956345
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Curious Results with Palladium- and Platinum-Carrying Polymers in Mass Cytometry Bioassays and an Unexpected Application as a Dead Cell Stain.
Majonis D, Ornatsky O, Kinach R, Winnik MA.
Biomacromolecules. 2011 Sep 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21955116
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Palladium Catalyzed Stereoselective C-Glycosylation of Glycals with Enol Triflates.
Bai Y, Leow M, Zeng J, Liu XW.
Org Lett. 2011 Sep 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21954934
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Palladium-Catalyzed Mono-N-allylation of Unprotected Anthranilic Acids with Allylic Alcohols in Aqueous Media.
Hikawa H, Yokoyama Y.
J Org Chem. 2011 Sep 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21919524
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Twin Plane Decoration of Silver Nanorods with Palladium by Galvanic Exchange at a Controlled Rate.
Slawinski GW, Ivanova OS, Zamborini FP.
Langmuir. 2011 Sep 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21916478
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Nucleophilic Dearomatization of Chloromethyl Naphthalene Derivatives via ?(3)-Benzylpalladium Intermediates: A New Strategy for Catalytic Dearomatization.
Peng B, Zhang S, Yu X, Feng X, Bao M.
Org Lett. 2011 Oct 7;13(19):5402-5. Epub 2011 Sep 13.
PMID:
21910509
[PubMed - in process]
Azadipyrromethene-Based Conjugated Oligomers with Near-IR Absorption and High Electron Affinity.
Gao L, Senevirathna W, Sauvé G.
Org Lett. 2011 Oct 7;13(19):5354-7. Epub 2011 Sep 12.
PMID:
21910458
[PubMed - in process]
Palladium-catalyzed approach to stereodefined ten-membered cycles from 1,5-bisallenes.
Cheng J, Jiang X, Ma S.
Org Lett. 2011 Oct 7;13(19):5200-3. Epub 2011 Sep 12.
PMID:
21910412
[PubMed - in process]
New Heteroannulation Reactions of N-Alkoxybenzamides by Pd(II) Catalyzed C-H Activation.
Wrigglesworth JW, Cox B, Lloyd-Jones GC, Booker-Milburn KI.
Org Lett. 2011 Oct 7;13(19):5326-9. Epub 2011 Sep 12.
PMID:
21910404
[PubMed - in process]
Pd(0)-catalyzed iodoalkynation of norbornene scaffolds: the remarkable solvent effect on reaction pathway.
Liu H, Chen C, Wang L, Tong X.
Org Lett. 2011 Oct 7;13(19):5072-5. Epub 2011 Sep 12.
PMID:
21910403
[PubMed - in process]
Palladium Catalyzed 1,8-Conjugate Addition to Heptafulvene via Bis-p-allyl Palladium Complexes.
George SC, Thulasi S, Anas S, Radhakrishnan KV, Yamamoto Y.
Org Lett. 2011 Oct 7;13(19):4984-7. Epub 2011 Sep 7.
PMID:
21899322
[PubMed - in process]
Hydride formation in single palladium and magnesium nanoparticles studied by nanoplasmonic dark-field scattering spectroscopy.
Shegai T, Langhammer C.
Adv Mater. 2011 Oct 11;23(38):4409-14. doi: 10.1002/adma.201101976. Epub 2011 Sep 5. No abstract available.
PMID:
21898608
[PubMed - in process]
Cross-coupling of mesylated phenol derivatives with potassium cyclopropyltrifluoroborate.
Molander GA, Beaumard F, Niethamer TK.
J Org Chem. 2011 Oct 7;76(19):8126-30. Epub 2011 Sep 2.
PMID:
21888362
[PubMed - in process]
Palladium-catalyzed regioselective C-s bond cleavage of thiophenes.
Huang H, Li J, Lescop C, Duan Z.
Org Lett. 2011 Oct 7;13(19):5252-5. Epub 2011 Sep 2.
PMID:
21888338
[PubMed - in process]
Substrate-Directable Heck Reactions with Arenediazonium Salts. The Regio- and Stereoselective Arylation of Allylamine Derivatives and Applications in the Synthesis of Naftifine and Abamines.
Prediger P, Barbosa LF, Ge´nisson Y, Correia CR.
J Org Chem. 2011 Oct 7;76(19):7737-7749. Epub 2011 Sep 15.
PMID:
21877731
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher] |
