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Palladium
Palladium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.

Palladium is a member of the platinum group of metals. It is an excellent hydrogenation and dehydrogenation catalyst. It is alloyed and used in jewelry. The metal is used in dentistry, watch making, and in making surgical instruments and electrical contacts. Platinum is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder.

Palladium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are

 

  Hydrogen                                 Helium
  Lithium Beryllium                     Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
  Sodium Magnesium                     Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
  Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Hydrogen Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
  Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
  Cesium Barium Cerium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
                                     
      Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium    
      Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawerencium    


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available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.

Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Palladium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.

Palladium is a Block D, Group 10, Period 5 element. The electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10. In its elemental form palladium's CAS number is 7440-05-3. The palladium atom has a radius of 137.6.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 163.pm.

All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology advantages. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Palladium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.

Palladium was first discovered by William Wollaston in 1803.

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Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of palladium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.

Isotope
Atomic Mass
% Abundance on Earth
Pd-102
101.905608
1.02
Pd-104
103.904035
11.14
Pd-105
104.905084
22.33
Pd-106
105.903483
27.33
Pd-108
107.903894
26.46
Pd-110
109.90515
11.72

Safety Data. The safety data for palladium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin.

Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for palladium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:

1st Ionization Energy
804.39 kJ mol-1
2nd Ionization Energy
1874.72 kJ mol-1
3rd Ionization Energy
3177.28 kJ mol-1

Conductivity. As to palladium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ēC is 10.8 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 2.2. The thermal conductivity of palladium is 71.8 W m-1 K-1.

Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for palladium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.

Heat of Fusion
17.2 kJ mol-1
Heat of Vaporization
361.5 kJ mol-1
Heat of Atomization
377.4 kJ mol-1

 
Formula Atomic Number Molecular Weight Electronegativity (Pauling) Density Melting Point
Boiling Point
Vanderwaals radius
Ionic radius Energy of first ionization
Pd 46 106.42 g.mol -1 2.2 11.9 g.cm-3 at 20 °C 1560 °C 2927 °C 163.pm 0.065 nm (+2) 804.39 kJ.mol-1

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Recent Research & Development for Palladium

  • The synthesis of 17-alkoxycarbonyl- and 17-carboxamido-13alpha-estra-1,3,5(10),16-tetraene derivatives via palladium-catalyzed carbonylation reactions. Steroids. 2008 Jul;73(6):669-75. Epub 2008 Feb 16.

  • Adsorption of gold(III), platinum(IV) and palladium(II) onto glycine modified crosslinked chitosan resin. Bioresour Technol. 2008 Jun;99(9):3801-9. Epub 2007 Aug 14.

  • Palladium-catalyzed three-component coupling of arynes with allylic acetates or halides and terminal alkynes promoted by cuprous iodide. Chem Commun (Camb). 2008 May 14;(18):2158-60. Epub 2008 Mar 3.

  • Isolation and characterization of stable, distinctly bent, trans-chelated bisphosphine palladium(0) species. Dalton Trans. 2008 May 7;(17):2238-40. Epub 2008 Mar 11.

  • Tetra-2,3-pyrazinoporphyrazines with Externally Appended Pyridine Rings. 5. Synthesis, Physicochemical and Theoretical Studies of a Novel Pentanuclear Palladium(II) Complex and Related Mononuclear Species. Inorg Chem. 2008 May 5;47(9):3903-19.

  • Palladium-catalyzed thiocarbonylation of iodoarenes with thiols in phosphonium salt ionic liquids. J Org Chem. 2008 May 2;73(9):3530-4. Epub 2008 Apr 3.

  • Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular C-Arylation of Benzylic Carbon: Synthesis of 3-Benzoxazolylisoindolinones by a Sequence of Ugi-4CR/Postfunctionalization. J Org Chem. 2008 May 2;73(9):3600-3. Epub 2008 Apr 2.

  • A general synthetic entry to the pentacyclic strychnos alkaloid family, using a [4 + 2]-cycloaddition/rearrangement cascade sequence. J Org Chem. 2008 May 2;73(9):3539-50. Epub 2008 Apr 1.

  • Cyclization reactions involving palladium-catalyzed carbene insertion into aryl halides. J Org Chem. 2008 May 2;73(9):3585-8. Epub 2008 Mar 28.

  • Palladium-catalyzed cyclization/heck- and cyclization/conjugate-addition-type sequences in the preparation of polysubstituted furans. J Org Chem. 2008 May 2;73(9):3650-3. Epub 2008 Mar 26.

  • Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of tricyclopropylbismuth with aryl halides and triflates. J Org Chem. 2008 May 2;73(9):3604-7. Epub 2008 Mar 26.

  • An Expedient Synthesis of the Fibril Binding Compound FSB via Sequential Pd-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions. J Org Chem. 2008 May 2;73(9):3570-3. Epub 2008 Mar 26.

  • Measurement of excitation functions of helion-induced reactions on enriched Ru targets for production of medically important (103)Pd and (101m)Rh and some other radionuclides. Appl Radiat Isot. 2008 May;66(5):653-67. Epub 2007 Dec 5.

  • Cellular and molecular characterization of an embryonic cell line (BME26) from the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2008 May;38(5):568-80. Epub 2008 Feb 9.

  • A New Class of Easily Activated Palladium Precatalysts for Facile C-N Cross-Coupling Reactions and the Low Temperature Oxidative Addition of Aryl Chlorides. J Am Chem Soc. 2008 May 1. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.

  • Sulphur poisoning of palladium catalysts used for methane combustion: effect of the support. J Hazard Mater. 2008 May 1;153(1-2):742-50. Epub 2007 Sep 8.

  • Stereoselective Synthesis of 3,3-Diarylacrylonitriles as Tubulin Polymerization Inhibitors. J Org Chem. 2008 May 1. [Epub ahead of print]

  • Enantioselective Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Catalyzed by Palladium(II) Complexes with Chiral P,N-Ligands. J Org Chem. 2008 May 1. [Epub ahead of print]

  • Novel pathway for N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine: UVB-induced liberation of carbon monoxide from precursor N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine. J Pineal Res. 2008 May;44(4):450-5. Epub 2008 Jan 9.

  • Palladium-catalyzed perarylation of 3-thiophene- and 3-furancarboxylic acids accompanied by C-h bond cleavage and decarboxylation. Org Lett. 2008 May 1;10(9):1851-4. Epub 2008 Apr 9.

 

 

 

 

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