Ruthenium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
 Ruthenium is member of the platinum group of metals. It is one of the most effective hardeners for platinum and palladium , and is alloyed with these metals to make electrical contacts for severe wear resistanant electronics and laboratory equipment. The corrosion resistance of titanium is improved a hundredfold by addition of 0.1% ruthenium. It is also a versatile catalyst. Hydrogen sulfide can be split catalytically by light using an aqueous suspension of cadmium sulfide particles loaded with ruthenium dioxide. It is also believed to have pharmacological applications. Ruthenium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder.
Ruthenium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.
 Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Ruthenium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.
Ruthenium is a Block D, Group 8, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Ruthenium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 15, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d7 5s1. In its elemental form ruthenium's CAS number is 7440-18-8. The ruthenium atom has a radius of 132.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) is very toxic and Ruthenium in its elemental form is considered carcinogen.
All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, thin fillm deposition using sputtering targets  and evaporation materials, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology applications. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Ruthenium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.
Ruthenium was first discovered by Karl Klaus in 1844. The name Ruthenium, originates from the Latin word 'Ruthenia' meaning Russia.
 ruthénium |
 Ruthenium |
 rutenio |
 Rutênio |
 rutenio |
 Rutenium |
Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of ruthenium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
| Isotope |
Atomic Mass |
% Abundance on Earth |
| Ru-96 |
95.907598 |
5.52 |
| Ru-98 |
97.905287 |
1.88 |
| Ru-99 |
98.905939 |
12.7 |
| Ru-100 |
99.904220 |
12.6 |
| Ru-101 |
100.905582 |
17.0 |
| Ru-102 |
101.904350 |
31.6 |
| Ru-104 |
103.905430 |
18.7 |
The following table shows the abundance of Rubidium present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:
| |
Typical Human Body |
Universe |
| by Weight |
no data |
4 ppb |
| by Atom |
no data |
0.05 ppb |
Safety Data and Biological Role. The safety data for ruthenium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Ruthenium compounds have no biological role.
Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for ruthenium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
| 1st Ionization Energy |
710.19 kJ mol-1 |
| 2nd Ionization Energy |
1617.11 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd Ionization Energy |
2746.96 kJ mol-1 |
Conductivity. As to ruthenium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 7.6 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 2.2. The thermal conductivity of ruthenium is 117 W m-1 K-1.
Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for ruthenium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
| Heat of Fusion |
23.7 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
567 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Atomization |
641.031 kJ mol-1 |
Recent Research & Development for Ruthenium
- Exploring the Heterogeneous Interfaces in Organic or Ruthenium Dye-Sensitized Liquid- and Solid-State Solar Cells.
Kwon YS, Song I, Lim J, Song IY, Siva A, Park T.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2012 Jun 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22658859
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- [Case report of a 45-year-old man with uveal melanoma and suspect controlateral choroidal nævus.]
Farguette F, Bonnin N, Nezzar H, Chiambarretta F, Bacin F.
J Fr Ophtalmol. 2012 Jun 1. [Epub ahead of print] French.
PMID:
22658842
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Plaque Brachytherapy for Uveal Melanoma: A Vision Prognostication Model.
Khan N, Khan MK, Bena J, Macklis R, Singh AD.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012 Jun 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22658514
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Photodissociation of a ruthenium(II) arene complex and its subsequent interactions with biomolecules: a density functional theory study.
Wang H, Deyonker NJ, Zhang X, Zhao C, Ji L, Mao ZW.
J Mol Model. 2012 Jun 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22653608
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Synthesis, spectroscopic analysis and photolabilization of water-soluble ruthenium(iii)-nitrosyl complexes.
Merkle AC, McQuarters AB, Lehnert N.
Dalton Trans. 2012 May 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22653336
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Ruthenium(ii) [3 + 2 + 1] mixed ligand complexes: substituent effect on photolability, photooxidation of bases, photocytotoxicity and photonuclease activity.
Sathyaraj G, Kiruthika M, Weyhermüller T, Nair BU.
Dalton Trans. 2012 May 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22652837
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Luminescent iridium(III) complexes as novel protein staining agents.
Jia J, Fei H, Zhou M.
Electrophoresis. 2012 May;33(9-10):1397-401. doi: 10.1002/elps.201100693.
PMID:
22648806
[PubMed - in process]
- Transfer hydrogenation with a ferrocene diamide ruthenium complex.
Elliott AG, Green AG, Diaconescu PL.
Dalton Trans. 2012 May 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22648012
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Ruthenium-Catalyzed Highly Regioselective Cyclization of Ketoximes with Alkynes by C-H Bond Activation: A Practical Route to Synthesize Substituted Isoquinolines.
Chinnagolla RK, Pimparkar S, Jeganmohan M.
Org Lett. 2012 May 30. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22646751
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Cycloruthenated sensitizers: improving the dye-sensitized solar cell with classical inorganic chemistry principles.
Robson KC, Bomben PG, Berlinguette CP.
Dalton Trans. 2012 May 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22643695
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- H(2)S Functions as a Nociceptive Messenger Through Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (Trpa1) Activation.
Ogawa H, Takahashi K, Miura S, Imagawa T, Saito S, Tominaga M, Ohta T.
Neuroscience. 2012 May 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22641084
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Anticancer Activity of Self-Assembled Molecular Rectangles via Arene-Ruthenium Acceptors and a New Unsymmetrical Amide Ligand.
Mishra A, Jung H, Park JW, Kim HK, Kim H, Stang PJ, Chi KW.
Organometallics. 2012 May 14;31(9):3519-3526. Epub 2012 Apr 13.
PMID:
22639481
[PubMed]
- Quantitative nanoscale visualization of heterogeneous electron transfer rates in 2D carbon nanotube networks.
Güell AG, Ebejer N, Snowden ME, McKelvey K, Macpherson JV, Unwin PR.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 May 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22635266
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Long lasting hypotensive effect in renal hypertensive rats induced by nitric oxide released from a ruthenium complex.
Gj R, Ac P, Ja V, Rg L, Rs S, Lm B.
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2012 May 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22635073
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Electrogenerated chemiluminescence biosensing method for the detection of DNA methylation and assay of the methyltransferase activity.
Li Y, Huang C, Zheng J, Qi H.
Biosens Bioelectron. 2012 May 11. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22633940
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl-Substituted Cyclopropanes via Sequential Kharasch-Dehalogenation Reactions.
Risse J, Fernández-Zúmel MA, Cudré Y, Severin K.
Org Lett. 2012 May 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22630342
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Regio- and stereoselective syntheses of piperidine derivatives via ruthenium-catalyzed coupling of propargylic amides and allylic alcohols.
Murugesan S, Jiang F, Achard M, Bruneau C, Dérien S.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2012 May 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22622865
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Terpyridine-fused polyaromatic hydrocarbons generated via cyclodehydrogenation and used as ligands in Ru(ii) complexes.
Graczyk A, Murphy FA, Nolan D, Fernández-Moreira V, Lundin NJ, Fitchett CM, Draper SM.
Dalton Trans. 2012 May 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22622629
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Hydrothermal and solid-state transformation of ruthenium-supported Keggin-type heteropolytungstates [XW(11)O(39){Ru(ii)(benzene)(H(2)O)}](n-) (X = P (n = 5), Si (n = 6), Ge (n = 6)) to ruthenium-substituted Keggin-type heteropolytungstates.
Ogo S, Miyamoto M, Ide Y, Sano T, Sadakane M.
Dalton Trans. 2012 May 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22622450
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Tonic Inhibition of TRPV3 by Mg(2+) in Mouse Epidermal Keratinocytes.
Luo J, Stewart R, Berdeaux R, Hu H.
J Invest Dermatol. 2012 May 24. doi: 10.1038/jid.2012.144. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22622423
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
|
