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Ruthenium
Ruthenium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.

Ruthenium is member of the platinum group of metals. It is one of the most effective hardeners for platinum and palladium , and is alloyed with these metals to make electrical contacts for severe wear resistanant electronics and laboratory equipment. The corrosion resistance of titanium is improved a hundredfold by addition of 0.1% ruthenium. It is also a versatile catalyst. Hydrogen sulfide can be split catalytically by light using an aqueous suspension of cadmium sulfide particles loaded with ruthenium dioxide. It is also believed to have pharmacological applications. Ruthenium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder.

Ruthenium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are

 

  Hydrogen                                 Helium
  Lithium Beryllium                     Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
  Sodium Magnesium                     Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
  Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Hydrogen Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
  Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
  Cesium Barium Cerium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
                                     
      Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium    
      Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawerencium    


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available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.

Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Ruthenium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.

Ruthenium is a Block D, Group 8, Period 5 element. The electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d7 5s1. In its elemental form ruthenium's CAS number is 7440-18-8. The ruthenium atom has a radius of 132.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm.

All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology advantages. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Ruthenium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.

Ruthenium was first discovered by Karl Klaus in 1844.

Abundance. The following table shows

French ruthénium German Ruthenium Italian rutenio Portuguese Rutênio Spanish rutenio Swedish Rutenium

the abundance of ruthenium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.

Isotope
Atomic Mass
% Abundance on Earth
Ru-96
95.907598
5.52
Ru-98
97.905287
1.88
Ru-99
98.905939
12.7
Ru-100
99.904220
12.6
Ru-101
100.905582
17.0
Ru-102
101.904350
31.6
Ru-104
103.905430
18.7

Safety Data. The safety data for ruthenium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin.

Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for ruthenium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:

1st Ionization Energy
710.19 kJ mol-1
2nd Ionization Energy
1617.11 kJ mol-1
3rd Ionization Energy
2746.96 kJ mol-1

Conductivity. As to ruthenium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 7.6 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 2.2. The thermal conductivity of ruthenium is 117 W m-1 K-1.

Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for ruthenium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.

Heat of Fusion
23.7 kJ mol-1
Heat of Vaporization
567 kJ mol-1
Heat of Atomization
641.031 kJ mol-1

 
Formula Atomic Number Molecular Weight Electronegativity (Pauling) Density Melting Point
Boiling Point
Vanderwaals radius
Ionic radius Energy of first ionization
Ru 44 101.1 g.mol -1 2.2 12.2 g.cm-3 at 20 °C 2250 °C 4150 °C 200.pm unknown 710.19 kJ.mol-1

PRODUCT CATALOG U.S. Operations Submicron & Nanopowder Tolling Ultra High Purity Sputtering Target Crystal Growth Rod, Plate, Powder, etc. Foil
 
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Recent Research & Development for Ruthenium

  • Iron and Ruthenium Nanoparticles in Carbon Prepared by Thermolysis of Buckymetallocenes. Nakae T, Matsuo Y, Takagi M, Sato Y, Suenaga K, Nakamura E. Chem Asian J. 2009 Jan 9. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19137536 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Characterization of a dissolved oxygen sensor made of plastic optical fiber coated with ruthenium-incorporated solgel. Chu F, Yang J, Cai H, Qu R, Fang Z. Appl Opt. 2009 Jan 10;48(2):338-42. PMID: 19137045 [PubMed - in process]

  • Mechanisms of eosinophil major basic protein-induced hyperexcitability of vagal pulmonary chemosensitive neurons. Gu Q, Lim ME, Gleich GJ, Lee LY. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2009 Jan 9. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19136577 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • TRPA1 activation by lidocaine in nerve terminals results in glutamate release increase. Piao LH, Fujita T, Jiang CY, Liu T, Yue HY, Nakatsuka T, Kumamoto E. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009 Jan 8. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19135979 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Efficient Access to a Versatile 5,6-Dithio-1,10-phenanthroline Building Block and Corresponding Organometallic Complexes. Chesneau B, Passelande A, Hudhomme P. Org Lett. 2009 Jan 8. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19132936 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Ruthenium-Catalyzed Isomerization of Terminal Olefins: Applications to Synthesis. Donohoe TJ, O'Riordan TJ, Rosa CP. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2009 Jan 7. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available. PMID: 19130520 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Does Endothelium-derived Hyperpolarizing Factor Play a Role in Endothelium-dependent Component of Electrical Field Stimulation-induced Vasorelaxation of Rat Mesenteric Arterial Rings? Ozkan MH, Uma S. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2009 Jan 6. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19129739 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Inhibition of cancer cell growth by ruthenium(II) cyclopentadienyl derivative complexes with heteroaromatic ligands. Helena Garcia M, Morais TS, Florindo P, Piedade MF, Moreno V, Ciudad C, Noe V. J Inorg Biochem. 2009 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19128838 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Catalytic ozonation of dimethyl phthalate and chlorination disinfection by-product precursors over Ru/AC. Wang J, Zhou Y, Zhu W, He X. J Hazard Mater. 2008 Nov 24. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19124195 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Effect of the Supporting Electrolyte Anion on the Thickness of PSS/PAH Multilayer Films and on Their Permeability to an Electroactive Probe. Haitami AE, Martel D, Ball V, Nguyen HC, Gonthier E, Labbe´ P, Voegel JC, Schaaf P, Senger B, Boulmedais F. Langmuir. 2009 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19123805 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Nanoparticle-Supported and Magnetically Recoverable Ruthenium Hydroxide Catalyst: Efficient Hydration of Nitriles to Amides in Aqueous Medium. Polshettiwar V, Varma RS. Chemistry. 2009 Jan 2. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available. PMID: 19123223 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Solid-Phase Synthesis of Peptide Libraries Combining alpha-Amino Acids with Inorganic and Organic Chromophores. Heinze K, Hempel K. Chemistry. 2009 Jan 2. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19123215 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Does the metal influence non-covalent binding of complexes to DNA? Talib J, Harman DG, Dillon CT, Aldrich-Wright J, Beck JL, Ralph SF. Dalton Trans. 2009 Jan 21;(3):504-13. Epub 2008 Nov 25. PMID: 19122908 [PubMed - in process]

  • Synthesis, Characterization, and in vitro Antimalarial and Antitumor Activity of New Ruthenium(II) Complexes of Chloroquine. Rajapakse CS, Marti´nez A, Naoulou B, Jarzecki AA, Sua´rez L, Deregnaucourt C, Sinou V, Schre´vel J, Musi E, Ambrosini G, Schwartz GK, Sa´nchez-Delgado RA. Inorg Chem. 2009 Jan 2. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19119867 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Photoassisted Overall Water Splitting in a Visible Light-Absorbing Dye-Sensitized Photoelectrochemical Cell. Youngblood WJ, Lee SH, Kobayashi Y, Hernandez-Pagan EA, Hoertz PG, Moore TA, Moore AL, Gust D, Mallouk TE. J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Jan 2. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19119815 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Highly Efficient and Highly Enantioselective Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Ketones with TunesPhos/1,2-Diamine-Ruthenium(II) Complexes. Li W, Sun X, Zhou L, Hou G, Yu S, Zhang X. J Org Chem. 2008 Dec 31. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19117476 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Synthesis of 3-Hydroxypyridines Using Ruthenium-Catalyzed Ring-Closing Olefin Metathesis. Yoshida K, Kawagoe F, Hayashi K, Horiuchi S, Imamoto T, Yanagisawa A. Org Lett. 2008 Dec 31. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19117401 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Evaluation of binding selectivities and affinities of platinum-based quadruplex interactive complexes by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Pierce SE, Kieltyka R, Sleiman HF, Brodbelt JS. Biopolymers. 2008 Dec 30. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19117031 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • A Photoreactive Ruthenium(II) Complex Tethered to a Guanine-Containing Oligonucleotide: A Biomolecular Tool that Behaves as a "Seppuku Molecule" Le Gac S, Rickling S, Gerbaux P, Defrancq E, Moucheron C, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2008 Dec 30. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available. PMID: 19117001 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Ruthenium Complexes with Cooperative PNP Ligands: Bifunctional Catalysts for the Dehydrogenation of Ammonia-Borane. Käß M, Friedrich A, Drees M, Schneider S. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2008 Dec 30. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available. PMID: 19116993 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

 

 

 

 

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