Vanadium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
 Vanadium is highly resistant to corrosion, so it is commonly used to alloy stainless steel grades. Vanadium compounds are used in advanced ceramics. Vanadium is a petrochemical cracking catalyst. Vanadium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder.
In honor of its beautiful multi-colored compounds, Vanadium was named after the word "Vanadis" meaning goddess of beauty in Scandinavian mythology.
Vanadium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are
available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.
Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses  as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Vanadium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.
Vanadium is a Block D, Group 5, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Vanadium's shells is 2, 8, 11, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d3 4s2. In its elemental form vanadium's CAS number is 7440-62-2. The vanadium atom has a radius of 131.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Several vanadium compounds are toxic to some creatures despite the fact that it is an essential trace element.
 All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, thin fillm deposition using sputtering targets and evaporation materials, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology applications. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Vanadium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.
Vanadium was first discovered in Mexico City by Andres Manuel del Rio, a Spanish born and European educated Mexican mineralogist, in 1801.
 vanadium |
 Vanadium |
 vanadio |
 Vanádio |
 vanadio |
 Vanadin |
Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of vanadium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
| Isotope |
Atomic Mass |
% Abundance on Earth |
| V-50 |
49.947163 |
0.25 |
| V-51 |
50.943964 |
99.75 |
The following table shows the abundance of Vanadium present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:
| |
Typical Human Body |
Universe |
| by Weight |
30 ppb |
1000 ppb |
| by Atom |
4 ppb |
20 ppb |
Safety Data and Biological Role. The safety data for vanadium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Vanadium compounds, in small quanties, are necessary in the diet of rats and chicks. Deficiencies of Vanadium cause reduced growth and impaired reproduction. Vanadium is also essential to sea squirts.
Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for vanadium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
| 1st Ionization Energy |
650.92 kJ mol-1 |
| 2nd Ionization Energy |
1414.49 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd Ionization Energy |
2828.10 kJ mol-1 |
Conductivity. As to vanadium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 19.68 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1.63. The thermal conductivity of vanadium is 30.7 W m-1 K-1.
Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for vanadium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
| Heat of Fusion |
17.6 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
459.7 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Atomization |
510.95 kJ mol-1 |
Recent Research & Development for Vanadium
Distorted cubic tetranuclear vanadium(iv) phosphonate cages: double-four-ring (D4R) containing transition metal ion phosphonate cages.
Chandrasekhar V, Dey A, Senapati T, Sañudo EC.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Nov 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22071886
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Bioavailability, tissue distribution and hypoglycaemic effect of vanadium in magnesium-deficient rats.
Sánchez C, Torres M, Bermúdez-Peña MC, Aranda P, Montes-Bayón M, Sanz-Medel A, Llopis J.
Magnes Res. 2011 Nov 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22068015
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
An alternative path for the evolution of biological nitrogen fixation.
Boyd ES, Hamilton TL, Peters JW.
Front Microbiol. 2011;2:205. Epub 2011 Oct 5.
PMID:
22065963
[PubMed]
(4-Bromo-2-{[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl-imino]-meth-yl}phenolato)dioxido-vanadium(V).
Wang CY, Wu X, Cao F, Yuan CJ.
Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Oct 1;67(Pt 10):m1330. Epub 2011 Sep 14.
PMID:
22065600
[PubMed]
A new mixed group 5 metal selenide, Nb(1.41)V(0.59)Se(9).
Lee E, Yun H.
Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Sep 1;67(Pt 9):i50. Epub 2011 Aug 27.
PMID:
22064790
[PubMed]
Catalytic dehydration of xylose to furfural: vanadyl pyrophosphate as source of active soluble species.
Sádaba I, Lima S, Valente AA, López Granados M.
Carbohydr Res. 2011 Oct 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22055820
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Chemical speciation of vanadium in particulate matter emitted from diesel vehicles and urban atmospheric aerosols.
Shafer MM, Toner B, Overdier J, Schauer JJ, Fakra SC, Herner J, Hu S, Ayala A.
Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Nov 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22050708
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis of Tunable Unsubstituted Polythiophene.
Nejati S, Lau KK.
Langmuir. 2011 Nov 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22047472
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
VCl(3) catalyzed imine-based multicomponent reactions for the facile access of functionalized tetrahydropyridines and ß-amino carbonyls.
Pal S, Choudhury LH, Parvin T.
Mol Divers. 2011 Nov 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22042610
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Interplay between the structural and magnetic probes in the elucidation of the structure of a novel 2D layered [V(4)O(4)(OH)(2)(O(2)CC(6)H(4)CO(2))(4)]·DMF.
Djerdj I, Skapin SD, Ceh M, Jaglicic Z, Pajic D, Kozlevcar B, Orel B, Orel ZC.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Oct 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22042096
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Interdigitating Organic Bilayers Direct the Short Interlayer Spacing in Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Layered Vanadium Oxide Nanostructures.
Gannon GT, O'Dwyer CP, Larsson JA, Thompson D.
J Phys Chem B. 2011 Oct 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22040010
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Hepatic megalocytosis due to vanadium inhalation: participation of oxidative stress.
Cano-Gutiérrez G, Acevedo-Nava S, Santamaría A, Altamirano-Lozano M, Cano-Rodríguez MC, Fortoul TI.
Toxicol Ind Health. 2011 Oct 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22033424
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Recent perspectives into biochemistry of decavanadate.
Aureliano M, Fct, Algarve UO, Gambelas, Faro 8, Portugal.
World J Biol Chem. 2011 Oct 26;2(10):215-225.
PMID:
22031844
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Association between plate location and plate removal following facial fracture repair.
Kubota Y, Kuroki T, Akita S, Koizumi T, Hasegawa M, Rikihisa N, Mitsukawa N, Satoh K.
J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2011 Oct 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22030077
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Vanadium Oxide Nanotube Spherical Clusters Prepared on Carbon Fabrics for Energy Storage Applications.
Perera SD, Patel B, Bonso J, Grunewald M, Ferraris JP, Balkus KJ.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2011 Nov 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22029527
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Exchange Interactions Through p-p Stacking in the Lamellar Compound [{Cu(bipy)(en)}{Cu(bipy)(H(2)O)}{VO(3)}(4)](n).
Venegas-Yazigi D, Brown KA, Vega A, Calvo R, Aliaga C, Santana RC, Cardoso-Gil R, Kniep R, Schnelle W, Spodine E.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Oct 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22026723
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
MCM-41 supported oxo-vanadium(IV) complex: A highly selective heterogeneous catalyst for bromination of hydroxy aromatic compounds in water.
Bhunia S, Saha D, Koner S.
Langmuir. 2011 Oct 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22026477
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electronic Properties of Vanadium-Doped TiO(2).
Islam MM, Bredow T, Gerson A.
Chemphyschem. 2011 Oct 24. doi: 10.1002/cphc.201100557. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22025455
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Design and Redox Function of Conjugated Complexes with Polyanilines or Quinonediimines.
Moriuchi T, Hirao T.
Acc Chem Res. 2011 Oct 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22023138
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The Tetrahydrometalate Species VH2(H2), NbH4, and TaH4: Matrix Infrared Spectra and Quantum Chemical Calculations.
Wang X, Andrews L.
J Phys Chem A. 2011 Oct 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22017260
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher] |
