Vanadium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
 Vanadium is highly resistant to corrosion, so it is commonly used to alloy stainless steel grades. Vanadium compounds are used in advanced ceramics. Vanadium is a petrochemical cracking catalyst. Vanadium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder.
In honor of its beautiful multi-colored compounds, Vanadium was named after the word "Vanadis" meaning goddess of beauty in Scandinavian mythology.
Vanadium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are
available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.
Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses  as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Vanadium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.
Vanadium is a Block D, Group 5, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Vanadium's shells is 2, 8, 11, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d3 4s2. In its elemental form vanadium's CAS number is 7440-62-2. The vanadium atom has a radius of 131.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Several vanadium compounds are toxic to some creatures despite the fact that it is an essential trace element.
 All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, thin fillm deposition using sputtering targets and evaporation materials, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology applications. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Vanadium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.
Vanadium was first discovered in Mexico City by Andres Manuel del Rio, a Spanish born and European educated Mexican mineralogist, in 1801.
 vanadium |
 Vanadium |
 vanadio |
 Vanádio |
 vanadio |
 Vanadin |
Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of vanadium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
| Isotope |
Atomic Mass |
% Abundance on Earth |
| V-50 |
49.947163 |
0.25 |
| V-51 |
50.943964 |
99.75 |
The following table shows the abundance of Vanadium present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:
| |
Typical Human Body |
Universe |
| by Weight |
30 ppb |
1000 ppb |
| by Atom |
4 ppb |
20 ppb |
Safety Data and Biological Role. The safety data for vanadium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Vanadium compounds, in small quanties, are necessary in the diet of rats and chicks. Deficiencies of Vanadium cause reduced growth and impaired reproduction. Vanadium is also essential to sea squirts.
Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for vanadium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
| 1st Ionization Energy |
650.92 kJ mol-1 |
| 2nd Ionization Energy |
1414.49 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd Ionization Energy |
2828.10 kJ mol-1 |
Conductivity. As to vanadium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 19.68 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1.63. The thermal conductivity of vanadium is 30.7 W m-1 K-1.
Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for vanadium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
| Heat of Fusion |
17.6 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
459.7 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Atomization |
510.95 kJ mol-1 |
Recent Research & Development for Vanadium
A new hybrid organic-inorganic chain: [(phen)Cu-µ-(?(2)O:O'-VP(2)O(10)H(3))(2)-Cu(phen)](n).
Venegas-Yazigi D, Vega A, Valdes de la Barra K, Saldias M, Le Fur E.
Acta Crystallogr C. 2012 Jul;68(Pt 7):m200-2. Epub 2012 Jun 26.
PMID:
22763689
[PubMed - in process]
Targeted Synthesis of Heterobimetallic Compounds Containing a Discrete Vanadium(V)-µ-Oxygen-Iron(III) Core.
Bhattacharya K, Maity M, Mondal D, Endo A, Chaudhury M.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jul 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22759221
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Concentrations and Geographical Variations of Selected Toxic Elements in Meat from Semi-Domesticated Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) in Mid- and Northern Norway: Evaluation of Risk Assessment.
Hassan AA, Brustad M, Sandanger TM.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012 May;9(5):1699-714. Epub 2012 May 4.
PMID:
22754467
[PubMed - in process]
Vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles mimic vanadium haloperoxidases and thwart biofilm formation.
Natalio F, André R, Hartog AF, Stoll B, Jochum KP, Wever R, Tremel W.
Nat Nanotechnol. 2012 Jul 1. doi: 10.1038/nnano.2012.91. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22751222
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Vanadium Pentoxide: Use of Relevant Historical Control Data Shows No Evidence for a Carcinogenic Response in F344/N Rats.
Starr TB, Macgregor JA, Ehman KD, Nikiforov AI.
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2012 Jun 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22749912
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Investigations of g factors for the (2)E state of V(2+) ions in Al(2)O(3) crystals.
Wei Q, Brik MG, Guo LX, Wei B.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2012 Jun 6;97C:50-53. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22743611
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Structure and stability of hexa-aqua V(iii) cations in vanadium redox flow battery electrolytes.
Vijayakumar M, Li L, Nie Z, Yang Z, Hu J.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2012 Aug 7;14(29):10233-42. Epub 2012 Jun 26.
PMID:
22735894
[PubMed - in process]
Polyoxometalates Functionalized by Bisphosphonate Ligands: Synthesis, Structural, Magnetic, and Spectroscopic Characterizations and Activity on Tumor Cell Lines.
El Moll H, Zhu W, Oldfield E, Rodriguez-Albelo LM, Mialane P, Marrot J, Vila N, Mbomekallé IM, Rivičre E, Duboc C, Dolbecq A.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jun 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22725619
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Acute changes in pulse pressure in relation to constituents of particulate air pollution in elderly persons.
Jacobs L, Buczynska A, Walgraeve C, Delcloo A, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Van Grieken R, Demeestere K, Dewulf J, Van Langenhove H, De Backer H, Nemery B, Nawrot TS.
Environ Res. 2012 Jun 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22717264
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Gene expression changes in human lung cells exposed to arsenic, chromium, nickel or vanadium indicate the first steps in cancer.
Clancy HA, Sun H, Passantino L, Kluz T, Muńoz A, Zavadil J, Costa M.
Metallomics. 2012 Jun 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22714537
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Evaluation of the interaction of vanadium with glutathione in human blood components.
Mukhtiar M, Khan MF, Jan SU, Khan H, Ullah N, Rehman A.
Pak J Pharm Sci. 2012 Jul;25(3):549-53.
PMID:
22713940
[PubMed - in process]
Energy storage in ultra-thin solid oxide fuel cells.
Van Overmeere Q, Kerman K, Ramanathan S.
Nano Lett. 2012 Jun 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22712483
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A Highly Selective Vanadium Catalyst for Benzylic C-H Oxidation.
Xia JB, Cormier KW, Chen C.
Chem Sci. 2012 Jan 1;3(7):2240-2245. Epub 2012 Apr 13.
PMID:
22712051
[PubMed]
Ion-sensing properties of 1D vanadium pentoxide nanostructures.
Vieira NC, Avansi W Jr, Figueiredo A, Ribeiro C, Mastelaro VR, Guimarăes FE.
Nanoscale Res Lett. 2012 Jun 18;7(1):310. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22709724
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Free Article
Aerobic oxidation reactions catalyzed by vanadium complexes of bis(phenolate) ligands.
Zhang G, Scott BL, Wu R, Silks LA, Hanson SK.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jul 2;51(13):7354-61. Epub 2012 Jun 18.
PMID:
22708725
[PubMed - in process]
Associations between standardized school performance tests and mixtures of Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Mn, Cu, Cr, Co, and V in community soils of New Orleans.
Zahran S, Mielke HW, Weiler S, Hempel L, Berry KJ, Gonzales CR.
Environ Pollut. 2012 Jun 15;169C:128-135. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22705504
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electronic structure and thermodynamics of V(2) O(3) polymorphs.
Wessel C, Reimann C, Müller A, Weber D, Lerch M, Ressler T, Bredow T, Dronskowski R.
J Comput Chem. 2012 Jun 14:0. doi: 10.1002/jcc.23046. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22696413
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A Planar Three-Coordinate Vanadium(II) Complex and the Study of Terminal Vanadium Nitrides from N2. A Kinetic or Thermodynamic Impediment to N-N Bond Cleavage?
Tran BL, Pintér B, Nichols AJ, Konopka FT, Thompson R, Chen CH, Krzystek J, Ozarowski A, Telser J, Baik MH, Meyer K, Mindiola DJ.
J Am Chem Soc. 2012 Jun 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22694364
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Biochemical and medical importance of vanadium compounds.
Korbecki J, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Gutowska I, Chlubek D.
Acta Biochim Pol. 2012;59(2):195-200. Epub 2012 Jun 11.
PMID:
22693688
[PubMed - in process]
Free Article
Effect of Vanadium(IV)-Doping on the Visible Light-Induced Catalytic Activity of Titanium Dioxide Catalysts for Methylene Blue Degradation.
Lin WC, Lin YJ.
Environ Eng Sci. 2012 Jun;29(6):447-452.
PMID:
22693413
[PubMed] |
