99% 2N
99.9% 3N 99.99% 4N 99.999% 5N 99.9999% 6N
SOLAR ENERGY INFORMATION CENTER
AE Solar Energy ™
32.4 (A)/00.022
(click on an element to view our products)
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Safety data, research and properties for AE Solar Energy™ materials are provided below. American Elements is a manufacturer and supplier specializing in materials essential to several solar energy technologies.
The history of solar energy materials began in the 1970s with the first silicon-based photovoltaic (PV) cells. These basic cells were created by doping silicon to form two oppositely charged layers. A positively charged or p-type layer underneath a negatively charged or n-type layer. In first configurations the p-type layer was doped with Boron to create the positive charge and n-type layer was doped with phosphorous.
When the sun's energy in the form of photons collects in the cell layers in a volume sufficient to force electrons in the layer materials from their "Valence Band" to their "Conduction Band", electrons from the layers are released. This energy threshold is referred to as the "Band Gap". These freed electrons naturally attempt to flow from the negatively charge N-type layer to the positively charged P-type layer. For this reason, the P-type layer is also sometimes called the "Absorption Layer" and the N-Type layer is called the "Emitter Layer".
However, the boundary between these two layers, which is called the "P-N Junction" or "Adhesion Layer" blocks their flow. Collection circuits are attached from the N-type layer to the P-type layer to allow for the electrons to reach their target and complete the circuit. Energy in the form of electricity is collected or harvested from this external circuit.
These silicon based photovoltaic cells have gone through several generations of development designed to reduce production costs. Originally the layers were produced by growing and slicing doped single crystals of silicon. To save cost producers began casting shapes using polycrystalline silicon. While less expensive to produce, efficiencies are also lower. A silicon single crystal may have as high as 30% efficiency; polycrystalline silicon might reach 10-15%. The least expensive approach but also the least efficient cell (approximately 5%) is produced through thin film deposition of amorphous silicon using sputtering techniques.
Presently, most silicon-based PV solar cells are produced from polycrystalline silicon with single crystal systems the next most common.
All silicon-based photovoltaic solar energy collectors however suffer from their ability to absorb energy from a relatively narrow range of the sun's light wave emission. Substantial research ha gone into developing materials that can either expand the band gap or create multiple band gaps in order to absorb a greater portion of the solar energy spectrum. This has lead to the development of PV cells based on Copper Indium Selenide (CuInSe2) or "CIS" Absorption Layers which can capture energy from portions of the light's spectrum not collected by silicon-based PV cells. Doping CIS with Gallium increases the band gap even further and as such most PV cells are now based on Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CuInGaSe2) and are referred to as "CIGS".
In the typical CIGS photovoltaic cell, the CIGS layer acts as the the P-type or absorption layer. A second material, Cadmium Selenide (CdSe) functions as the emitter or N-type layer. Because two different materials are uses these are sometimes referred to as "Heterojunction" systems. The external circuit is provided by a zinc oxide contact layer on the N-Type layer and a Molybdenum metal contact layer on the P-Type layer.
CIGS based solar cells are a rapidly growing segment of the solar energy market. Besides being more efficient that silicon-based solar cells and therefore less expensive per watt of energy generated, they can be designed to bend to complex geometries and are very light weight. Due to their high efficiency, layers can be achieved using thin film techniques. Thin film deposition of Silicon Nanoparticle quantum dots on the polycrystalline silicon substrate of a photovoltaic (solar)
cell increases voltage output as much as 60% by fluorescing the incoming light
prior to capture.
Other promising designs include cells based on III-IV Nitride materials and research on Zinc Manganese Telluride, Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) and Gallium Selenide P-Type layers.
The band gap for III-IV Nitride materials, such as Gallium Indium Nitride, covers nearly the entire energy spectrum of the sun because of multiple band gaps in the semiconductor materials. Similarly, Zinc Manganese Telluride crystals have three band gaps which can absorb greater than 50% of the solar energy spectrum.
Further important research involves nanotechnology approaches using nanoparticles of the above materials. Below please find further technical and safety information on solar energy materials manufactured by American Elements' AE Solar EnergyT group.
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Recent Research & Development for Solar Energy
- Fetal bone strength and umbilical cord length.
Wright D, Chan GM.
J Perinatol. 2009 May 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19474797 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- In vitro residual anti-bacterial activity of difloxacin, sarafloxacin and their photoproducts after photolysis in water.
Kusari S, Prabhakaran D, Lamshöft M, Spiteller M.
Environ Pollut. 2009 May 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19473738 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Crossed Intermolecular [2+2] Cycloadditions of Acyclic Enones via Visible Light Photocatalysis.
Du J, Yoon TP.
J Am Chem Soc. 2009 May 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19473018 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Solar enhanced wastewater treatment in waste stabilization ponds.
Agunwamba JC, Utsev JT, Okonkwo WI.
Water Environ Res. 2009 May;81(5):540-5.
PMID: 19472946 [PubMed - in process]
- Predisposing factors of actinic keratosis in a North-West German population.
Hensen P, Müller ML, Haschemi R, Ständer H, Luger TA, Sunderkötter C, Schiller M.
Eur J Dermatol. 2009 May 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19470418 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Molecular design of photoactive acenes for organic photovoltaics.
Huang L, Rocca D, Baroni S, Gubbins KE, Nardelli MB.
J Chem Phys. 2009 May 21;130(19):194701.
PMID: 19466849 [PubMed - in process]
- High-efficiency photonic crystal solar cell architecture.
Chutinan A, Kherani NP, Zukotynski S.
Opt Express. 2009 May 25;17(11):8871-8.
PMID: 19466136 [PubMed - in process]
- Relationships of microRNA expression in mouse lung with age and exposure to cigarette smoke and light.
Izzotti A, Calin GA, Steele VE, Croce CM, De Flora S.
FASEB J. 2009 May 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19465468 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- 25-hydroxy Vitamin D levels in healthy premenopausal women: association with bone turnover markers and bone mineral density.
Adami S, Bertoldo F, Braga V, Fracassi E, Gatti D, Gandolini G, Minisola S, Battista Rini G.
Bone. 2009 May 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19465168 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Investigation of the photostability properties of memoquin, a quinone derivative for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Mancini F, Bolognesi ML, Melchiorre C, Andrisano V.
J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2009 Apr 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19464839 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- DOC removal paradigms in highly humic aquatic ecosystems.
Farjalla VF, Amado AM, Suhett AL, Meirelles-Pereira F.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2009 May 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19462194 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- The Open-Air Treatment of Pandemic Influenza.
Hobday RA, Cason JW.
Am J Public Health. 2009 May 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19461112 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- [Species composition and spatial structure of plants in urban parks of Beijing]
Zhao JJ, Ouyang ZY, Zheng H, Xu WH, Wang XK.
Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2009 Feb;20(2):298-306. Chinese.
PMID: 19459367 [PubMed - in process]
- [Clinical and epidemiologic profile of melanoma patients according to sun exposure of the tumor site.]
Nagore E, Botella-Estrada R, Requena C, Serra-Guillén C, Martorell A, Hueso L, Llombart B, Sanmartín O, Guillén C.
Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2009 Apr;100(3):205-11. Spanish.
PMID: 19457306 [PubMed - in process]
- Severe vitamin D deficiency among heart and liver transplant recipients.
Stein EM, Cohen A, Freeby M, Rogers H, Kokolus S, Scott V, Mancini D, Restaino S, Brown R, McMahon DJ, Shane E.
Clin Transplant. 2009 Apr 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19453643 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Phytochromes differentially regulate seed germination responses to light quality and temperature cues during seed maturation.
Dechaine JM, Gardner G, Weinig C.
Plant Cell Environ. 2009 May 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19453482 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 (BMP7) Gene Polymorphisms are Associated with Inverse Relationships Between Vascular Calcification and Bone Mineral Density: The Diabetes Heart Study.
Freedman BI, Bowden DW, Ziegler JT, Langefeld CD, Lehtinen AB, Rudock ME, Lenchik L, Hruska KA, Register TC, Carr JJ.
J Bone Miner Res. 2009 May 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19453255 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Highly Efficient Solar Cell Polymers Developed via Fine-Tuning of Structural and Electronic Properties.
Liang Y, Feng D, Wu Y, Tsai ST, Li G, Ray C, Yu L.
J Am Chem Soc. 2009 May 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19453105 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Solar Pond devices: free energy or bioreactors for Artemia biomass production?
Gouveia L, Sousa J, Marques A, Tavares C, Giestas M.
J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2009 May 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19452180 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Spectroelectrochemical properties of homo- and heteroleptic ruthenium and osmium binuclear complexes: intercomponent communication as a function of energy differences between HOMO levels of bridge and metal centres.
Halpin Y, Cleary L, Cassidy L, Horne S, Dini D, Browne WR, Vos JG.
Dalton Trans. 2009 Jun 7;(21):4146-53. Epub 2009 Apr 2.
PMID: 19452063 [PubMed - in process]
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PRODUCT LIST
Aluminum: Al
- Scandium-aluminum alloy: Sc-Al
- Yttrium-aluminum alloy: Y-Al
- Aluminum Metal: Al2O3
- Aluminum metal: Al
- Aluminum ammonium sulfate: NH4Al2(SO4)12·2H2O
- Aluminum chloride: Al2Cl6·3H2O
- Aluminum fluoride: AlF3·3H2O
- Aluminum isopropMetal: (CH3)2CHO3Al
- Aluminum nitrate : Al2(NO3)9·3H2O
- Aluminum phosphate: AlPO4
- Aluminum potassium sulfate: AlK(SO4)12·2H2O
- Aluminum sulfate: Al2(SO4)3
Antimony: Sb
- Antimony metal: Sb
- Antimony Metal: Sb2O3
- Antimony sulfide: Sb2S3
- Antimony Iodide: SbI3
- Potassium Antimonyl Tartrate: K(SbO)C4H4O1/2·6H2O
- Antimony Polycrystalline Ingot: Sb
- Antimony Polycrystalline Chunk: Sb
- Antimony Targets: Sb
- Antimony Shaped Charge: Sb
- Antimony Selenide Polycrystalline Ingot: Sb2Se3
- Antimony Selenide Polycrystalline Chunk: Sb2Se3
- Antimony Selenide Targets: Sb2Se3
- Antimony Selenide Shaped Charge: Sb2Se3
- Antimony Telluride Polycrystalline Ingot: Sb2Te3
- Antimony Telluride Polycrystalline Chunk: Sb2Te3
- Antimony Telluride Targets: Sb2Te3
- Antimony Telluride Shaped Charge: Sb2Te3
Arsenic: As
- Arsenic metal: As
- Arsenic Metal: As2O3
Barium: Ba
- Barium acetate: Ba(C2H3O2)2
- Barium bromide: BaBr2
- Barium carbonate: BaCO3
- Barium chloride: BaCl2
- Barium fluoride: BaF2
- Barium hydrMetal: Ba(OH8)2·2H2O
- Barium nitrate: Ba(NO3)2
- Barium sulfate: BaSO4
Beryllium: Be
- Beryllium metal: Be
- Beryllium-copper alloy: Be-Cu
- Beryllium Metal: BeO
- Beryllium acetate basic: Be4O(C2H3O2)6
- Beryllium nitrate: Be(NO3)2
- Beryllium sulfate: BeSO4·4H2O
Bismuth: Bi
- Bismuth metal: Bi
- Bismuth fluoride: BiF3
- Bismuth iodide: BiI3
- Bismuth nitrate: Bi(NO3)3·5H2O
- Bismuth Metal: Bi2O3
- Bismuth oxychloride: BiOCL
- Bismuth oxynitrate: BiONO3
- Bismuth Polycrystalline Ingot: Bi
- Bismuth Polycrystalline Chunk: Bi
- Bismuth Targets: Bi
- Bismuth Shaped Charge: Bi
- Bismuth Selenide Polycrystalline Ingot: Bi2Se3
- Bismuth Selenide Polycrystalline Chunk: Bi2Se3
- Bismuth Selenide Targets: Bi2Se3
- Bismuth Selenide Shaped Charge: Bi2Se3
- Bismuth Telluride Polycrystalline Ingot: Bi2Te3
- Bismuth Telluride Polycrystalline Chunk: Bi2Te3
- Bismuth Telluride Targets: Bi2Te3
- Bismuth Telluride Shaped Charge: Bi2Te3
Boron: B
- Ferroboron: Fe-B
- Boron carbide: B4C
- Boron nitride: BN
- Boric Acid: H3BO3
- Boron Phosphate: BPO4
- Potassium Tetrafluoroborate: KBF4
Cadmium: Cd
- Cadmium metal: Cd
- Cadmium Acetate: Cd(C2H3O2)2·xH2O
- Cadmium Bromide: CdBr2
- Cadmium Chloride: CdCl2
- Cadmium Fluoride: CdF2
- Cadmium Iodide: CdI2
- Cadmium Nitrate: Cd(NO3)2·4H2O
- Cadmium Metal: CdO
- Cadmium Sulfate: CdSO4·xH2O
- Cadmium Polycrystalline Ingot: Cd
- Cadmium Polycrystalline Chunk: Cd
- Cadmium Targets: Cd
- Cadmium Shaped Charge: Cd
- Cadmium Telluride Polycrystalline Ingot: CdTe
- Cadmium Telluride Polycrystalline Chunk: CdTe
- Cadmium Telluride Targets: CdTe
- Cadmium Telluride Shaped Charge: CdTe
Calcium: Ca
- Calcium metal: Ca
- Calcium-magnesium alloy: Ca-Mg
- Calcium-aluminum alloy: Ca-Al
- Calcium-silicon alloy: Ca-Si
- Calcium hydrade: CaH2
- Calcium stabilized zirconia: CaO + ZrO2
- Calcium acetate: Ca(C2H3O2)2·xH2O
- Calcium bromide: CaBr2·xH2O
- Calcium carbonate: CaCO3
- Calcium chloride: CaCl2·6H2O
- Calcium fluoride: CaF2
- Calcium nitrate: Ca(NO3)2·4H2O
- Calcium oxalate: CaC2O4
- Calcium Metal: CaO
- Calcium sulfate: CaSO4
Carbon: C
- Graphite: C (Electrode, Powder Crystalline Flake, Amorphous)
- Boron carbide: B4C
- Silicon carbide: SiC
- Tungsten carbide: WC
Cerium: Ce
- Cerium metal: Ce
- Ce-rich mischmetal:
- Cerium Metal: CeO2
- Cerium acetate: Ce(C2H3O2)3
- Cerium carbonate: Ce)2 CO3)3
- Cerium hydrate: Ce(OH)4
- Cerium nitrate: Ce(NO3)3
- Cerium ammonium nitrate: (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6
- Cerium chloride: CeCl3
- Cerium fluoride: CeF3
- Cerium 55 concentrate: CeO2
- Cerium-Rich rare earth carbonate: (Ce,La,Nd,Pr)2(CO3)3
- Cerium bromide: CeBr3
- Cerium oxalate: Ce(C2O4)3·xH2O
- Cerium sulfate: Ce(SO4)3·8H2O
Cesium: Cs
- Cesium acetate: CsC2H3O2
- Cesium bromide: CsBr
- Cesium carbonate: Cs2CO3
- Cesium chloride: CsCl
- Cesium fluoride: CsF
- Cesium iodide: CsI
- Cesium nitrate: CsNO3
- Cesium sulfate: Cs2SO4
Chromium: Cr
- Chromium metal: Cr
- Feerochromium: Fe-Cr
- Chromium silicon alloy: Cr-Si
- Ammonium dichromate: (NH4)2Cr2O7
- Chromium chloride: [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl2·2H2O
- Chromium nitrate: Cr(NO3)3·9H2O
- Chromium Metal: Cr2O3
- Chromium potassium sulfate: CrK(SO4)2·12H2O
- Potassium dichromate: K2Cr2O7
Cobalt: Co
- Cobalt metal: Co
- Samarium-Cobalt Alloys: Co
- Cobalt Metal: Co2O3
- Cobalt oxalate: CoC2O4·2H2O
- Samarium-Cobalt Magnets
- Cobalt acetate: Co(C2H3O2)2
- Cobalt bromide: CoBr2
- Cobalt carbonate: CoCO3·xH2O
- Cobalt chloride: CoCl2
- Cobalt fluoride: CoF2·4H2O
- Cobalt nitrate: Co(NO3)2·6H2O
- Sodium hexanitrocobaltate: Na3Co(NO2)6
Dysprosium: Dy
- Dysprosium metal: Dy
- Dysprosium Metal: Dy2O3
- Dysprosium fluoride: DyF3
- Dysprosium acetate: Dy(C2H3O2)3·4H2O
- Dysprosium bromide: DyBr3·xH2O
- Dysprosium carbonate: Dy2(CO3)3·xH2O
- Dysprosium chloride: DyCl3·6H2O
- Dysprosium nitrate: Dy(NO3)3·5H2O
- Dysprosium oxalate: Dy2(C2O4)3·xH2O
- Dysprosium sulfate: Dy2(SO4)3·8H2O
Erbium: Er
- Erbium metal: Er
- Erbium Metal: Er2O3
- Erbium fluoride: ErF3
- Erbium acetate: Er(C2H3O2)3·xH2O
- Erbium carbonate: Er(CO3)3·xH2O
- Erbium chloride: ErCl3·6H2O
- Erbium nitrate: Er(NO3)3·5H2O
- Erbium oxalate: Er(C2O4)3·xH2O
- Erbium sulfate: Er(SO4)3·8H2O
Europium: Eu
- Europium metal: Eu
- Europium Metal: Eu2O3
- Europium acetate: Eu(C2H3O2)3·xH2O
- Europium carbonate: Eu2(CO3)3·xH2O
- Europium chloride: EuCl3·6H2O
- Europium chloride: EuCl2
- Europium fluoride: EuF3
- Europium nitrate: Eu(NO3)3·5H2O
- Europium oxalate: Eu2(C2O4)3·xH2O
- Europium sulfate: Eu2(SO4)3·8H2O
Gallium: Ga
- Gallium metal: Ga
- Gallium chloride: GaCl3
- Gallium fluoride: GaF3
- Gallium nitrate: Ga(NO3)3·xH2O
- Gallium Metal: Ga2O3
- Gallium sulfate: Ga2(SO4)3·xH2O
- Gallium Polyethylene Bottles: GaSb
- Gallium Antimonide Polycrystalline Ingot: GaSb
- Gallium Antimonide Polycrystalline Chunk: GaSb
- Gallium Antimonide Targets: GaSb
- Gallium Antimonide Shaped Charge: GaSb
- Gallium Antimonide Single Crystal: GaSb
- Gallium Arsenide Polycrystalline Ingot: GaAs
- Gallium Arsenide Polycrystalline Chunk: GaAs
- Gallium Arsenide Targets: GaAs
- Gallium Arsenide Shaped Charge: GaAs
- Gallium Arsenide Single Crystal: GaAs
- Gallium Arsenide Test Grade Wafers: GaAs
- Gallium Indium Antimonide Twinned/Single Crystal
- Gallium Indium Arsenide Twinned/Single Crystal
- Gallium Phosphide Polycrystalline Chunk: GaP
- Gallium(II) Telluride Polycrystalline Ingot: GaTe
- Gallium(II) Telluride Polycrystalline Chunk: GaTe
- Gallium(II) Telluride Targets: GaTe
- Gallium(II) Telluride Shaped Charge: GaTe
- Gallium(II) Telluride Single Crystal: GaTe
- Gallium(III) Telluride Polycrystalline Ingot: Ga2Te3
- Gallium(III) Telluride Polycrystalline Chunk: Ga2Te3
- Gallium(III) Telluride Targets: Ga2Te3
- Gallium(III) Telluride Shaped Charge: Ga2Te3
- Gallium(III) Telluride Single Crystal: Ga2Te3
Gadolinium: Gd
- Gadolinium metal: Gd
- Gadolinium Metal: Gd2O3
- Gadolinium acetate: Gd(C2H3O2)3·xH2O
- Gadolinium bromide: GdBr3·xH2O
- Gadolinium carbonate: Gd2(CO3)3·xH2O
- Gadolinium chloride: GdCl3·6H2O
- Gadolinium fluoride: GdF3
- Gadolinium nitrate: Gd(NO3)3·6H2O
- Gadolinium oxalate: Gd2(C2O4)3·xH2O
- Gadolinium sulfate: Gd2(SO4)3·xH2O
Germanium Ge
- Germanium metal: Ge
- Germanium Metal: GeO2
- Germanium chloride: GeCl4
- Ammonium hexafluorogerminate: (NH4)2GeF6
- Germanium Polycrystalline Ingot: Ge
- Germanium Polycrystalline Chunk: Ge
- Germanium Targets: Ge
- Germanium Shaped Charge: Ge
- Germanium Single Crystal: Ge
- Germanium Telluride Polycrystalline Ingot: GeTe
- Germanium Telluride Polycrystalline Chunk: GeTe
- Germanium Telluride Targets: GeTe
- Germanium Telluride Shaped Charge: GeTe
Gold: Au
- Gold metal: Au
- Barium ammonium tetrachloroaurate: NH4AuCl4·xH2O
- Gold chloride: AuCl3
- Gold cyanide: AuCN
- Gold hydrMetal: Au(OH)3
- Gold iodide: AuI
- Gold sulfide: Au2S3
- Hydrogentetrachloroaurate: HAuCl4·xH2O
- Potassium dicyanoaurate: KAu(CN)2
- Potassium tetrabromoaurate: KAuBr4
- Potassium tetrachloroaurate: KAuCl4
- Sodium tetrachloroaurate: NaAuCl4·xH2O
- Gold Shaped Charge: Au
- Gold Foil: Au
- Gold Sputtering Target: Au
Hafnium: Hf
- Hafnium Metal: HfO2
- Hafnium oxychloride: HfOCl2·8H2O
- Hafnium sulfate: Hf(SO4)2
Holmium: Ho
- Holmium metal: Ho
- Holmium Metal: Ho2O3
- Holmium chloride: HoCl3
- Holmium nitrate: Ho(NO3)3
- Holmium acetate: Ho(C2H3O2)3·xH2O
- Holmium bromide: HoBr3·xH2O
- Holmium carbonate: Ho(CO3)3·xH2O
- Holmium fluoride: HoF3
- Holmium oxalate: Ho(C2O4)3·xH2O
- Holmium sulfate: Ho2(SO4)3·8H2O
Indium: In
- Indium metal: In
- Indium Metal: In2O3
- Indium acetate: In2(C2H3O2)2·xH2O
- Indium bromide: InBr3
- Indium chloride: InCl3
- Indium fluoride: InF3
- Indium nitrate: In(NO3)3·5H2O
- Indium sulfate: In2(SO4)3·xH2O
- Indium Ingot: In
- Indium Targets: In
- Indium Shaped Charge: In
- Indium Foil: In
- Indium Antimonide Polycrystalline Ingot: InSb
- Indium Antimonide Polycrystalline Chunk: InSb
- Indium Antimonide Targets: InSb
- Indium Antimonide Shaped Charge: InSb
- Indium Antimonide Single Crystal: InSb
- Indium Arsenide Polycrystalline Ingot: InAs
- Indium Arsenide Polycrystalline Chunk: InAs
- Indium Arsenide Targets: InAs
- Indium Arsenide Shaped Charge: InAs
- Indium Arsenide Single Crystal Ingot: InAs
- Indium Phosphide Polycrystalline Ingot: InP
- Indium Phosphide Polycrystalline Chunk: InP
- Indium Phosphide Targets: InP
- Indium Phosphide Shaped Charge: InP
- Indium Phosphide Single Crystal Ingot: InP
- Indium Phosphide Wafers: InP
- Indium Phosphide Arsenide Twinned/Single
- Indium Phosphide Arsenide Crystal
- Indium Selenide Polycrystalline Ingot: In2Se3
- Indium Selenide Polycrystalline Chunk: In2Se3
- Indium Selenide Targets: In2Se3
- Indium Selenide Shaped Charge: In2Se3
- Indium Sulfide Polycrystalline Ingot: In2S3
- Indium Sulfide Polycrystalline Chunk: In2S3
- Indium Sulfide Targets: In2S3
- Indium Sulfide Shaped Charge: In2S3
- Indium Telluride Polycrystalline Ingot: In2Te3
- Indium Telluride Polycrystalline Chunk: In2Te3
- Indium Telluride Targets: In2Te3
- Indium Telluride Shaped Charge: In2Te3
Iodine: I
- Iodine acid: HIO3
- Iodine Metal: I2O5
- Periodic acid: H5IO3
Iridium: Ir
- Iridium metal: Ir
- Ammonium hexachloroiridate: (NH4)3IrCl6
- Iridium chloride: IrCl3·xH2O
- Iridium Metal: IrO2
- Potassium hexachloroiridate: K2IrCl6
Iron: Fe
- Iron metal: Fe
- Ammonium trisoxaltoferrate: (NH4)3Fe(C2O4)3·3H2O
- Ammonium iron sulfate: (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2O
- Iron chloride: FeCl2·4H2O
- Iron fluoride: FeF2·4H2O
- Iron nitrate: Fe(NO3)3·9H2O
- Iron Metal: Fe2O3
- Iron sulfate: FeSO4·7H2O
- Potassium ferrocyanide hydrate: K4Fe(CN)6·xH2O
- Ferroboron: Fe-B
- Ferrochromium: Fe-Cr
- Ferromanganese: Fe-Mn
- Ferromolybdenum: Fe-Mo
- Ferrosilicon: Fe-Si
- Ferrovanadium: Fe-V
- Ferrotungsten: Fe-W
Lanthanum: La
- Lanthanum metal: La
- La-rich mischmetal
- Lanthanum Metal: La2O3
- Lanthanum acetate: La(C2H3O2)3
- Lanthanum bromide: LaBr3·xH20
- Lanthanum carbonate: La2(CO3)3
- La-rich rare earth carbonate
- Lanthanum nitrate La(NO3)3
- Lanthanum chloride: LaCl3
- Lanthanum fluoride: LaF3
- Lanthunum-rich lanthanide chloride: (Ln,La)Cl3
- Lanthanum-rich lanthanide nitrate: (Ln,La)(NO3)3
- Lanthanum sulfate: La2(SO4)3·xH20
Lithium: Li
- Lithium metal: Li
- Lithium chloride: LiCl
- Lithium carbonate: Li2CO3
- Lithium hydrMetal: LiOH·H2O
- Lithium acetate: Li2C2H3O2·2H2O
- Lithium bromide: LiBr
- Lithium fluoride: LiF
- Lithium nitrate: LiNO3
- Lithium sulfate: Li2SO4
Lutetium: Lu
- Lutetium metal: Lu
- Lutetium Metal: Lu2O3
- Lutetium acetate: Lu(C2H3O2)3·xH2O
- Lutetium carbonate: Lu2(CO3)3·xH2O
- Lutetium chloride: LuCl3·6H2O
- Lutetium fluoride: LuF3
- Lutetium nitrate: Lu(NO3)3·xH2O
- Lutetium sulfate: Lu(SO4)3·8H2O
Magnesium: Mg
- Magnesium metals: Mg
- Magnesium Metal: MgO
- Fused magnesite
- Caustic calcined magnesite
- Dead burned magnesite
- Magnesium aluminate spinel
- Magnesium acetate: Mg(C2H3O2)2·4H2O
- Magnesium bromide: MgBr2·6H2O
- Magnesium chloride: MgCl2·6H2O
- Magnesium fluoride: MgF2
- Magnesium nitrate: Mg(NO3)2·6H2O
- Magnesium sulfate: MgSO4
Manganese: Mn
- Manganese metal: Mn
- Ferromanganese: Fe-Mn
- Manganese Metal: MnO2
- Manganese carbonate: MnCO3
- Manganese acetate: Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O
- Manganese nitrate: Mn(NO3)2
- Manganese bromide: MnBr2·4H2O
- Manganese chloride: MnCl2·4H2O
- Manganese sulfate: MnSO4·xH2O
Molybdenum: Mo
- Molybdenum metal: Mo
- Molybdenum Metal: MoO3
- Ferromolybdenum: Fe-Mo
- Sodium molybdenum Metal: Na2MoO4·2H2O
- Ammonium molybdate: (NH4)2Mo2O7
- Sodium molybdenum: NaMoO4·2H2O
Neodymium: Nd
- Neodymium metal: Nd
- Neodymium Metal: Nd2O3
- Neodymium acetate: Nd(C2H3O2)3
- Neodymium carbonate: Nd2(CO3)3
- Neodymium hydrate: Nd(OH)3
- Neodymium nitrate: Nd(NO3)3
- Neodymium chloride: NdCl3
- Neodymium fluoride: NdF3
- Neodymium oxalate: Nd2(C2O4)3·xH2O
- Neodymium sulfate: Nd2(SO4)3·8H2O
Nickel: Ni
- Nickel metal: Ni
- Nickel Metal: NiO
- Ammonium nickel sulfate: (NH4)2Ni(SO4)2·6H2O
- Hexaamminenickel bromide: {Ni(NH3)6}Br2
- Hexaamminenickel chloride: {Ni(NH3)6}Cl2
- Hexaamminenickel iodide: {Ni(NH3)6}I2
- Nickel acetate: Ni(C2H3O2)2·4H2O
- Nickel bromide anhydrous: NiBr2
- Nickel carbonate: NiCO3
- Nickel chloride: NiCl2
- Nickel nitrate: Ni(NO3)2·6H2O
- Nickel oxalate: NiC2O4·2H2O
- Nickel sulfate: NiSO4·7H2O
- Potassium tetracyanonickelate: K2Ni(CN)4·xH2O
Niobium: Nb
- Niobium metal: Nb
- Niobium Metal: Nb2O5
- Ammonium hexafluoroniobate: NH4Nb2F5
Osmium: Os
- Ammonium hexachloroosmate: (NH4)2OsCl6
Palladium: Pd
- Pallidium metal: Pd
- Ammonium hexachloropalladate: (NH4)2PdCl6
- Trans-Diamminedichloropalladium: Pd(NH3)2Cl2
- Trans-Diamminedinitropalladium: Pd(NH3)2(NO2)2
- Palladium bromide: PdBr2
- Palladium chloride: PdCl2
- Palladium iodide: PdI2
- Palladium nitrate: Pd(NO3)2
- Palladium Metal: PdO
- Potassium hexachloropalladate: K2PdCl6
- Potassium tetrabromopalladate: K2PdBr4
- Potassium tetranitropalladate: K2Pd(NO2)4
- Tetraamminepalladium chloride: [Pd(NH3)]4Cl2·H2O
- Tetraamminepalladium nitrate: [Pd(NH3)4](NO3)2
Phosphor also see Y2O3,
Eu2O3, Gd2O3, and Tb2O3.
- Phosphor for trichromatic lamp: (Blue, Red, Green)
- Phosphor for color TV screen: (Blue, Red, Green)
Platinum: Pt
- Platinum metal: Pt
- Ammonium hexabromoplatinate: (NH4)2PtBr6
- Ammonium hexachloroplatinate: (NH4)2PtCl6
- Cis-diaamminedichloroplatinum: Pt(NH3)2Cl2
- Trans-diaamminedichloroplatinum: Pt(NH3)2Cl2
- Trans-diaamminedinitroplatinum: Pt(NH3)2(NO2)2
- Platinum chloride: PtCl2
- Platinum Metal hydrate: PtO2
- Platinum sulfide: PtS2
- Tetraammineplatinum chloride: [Pt(NH3)4]Cl2·xH2O
- Tetraammineplatinum nitrate: Pt(NH3)4(NO3)2·xH2O
- Tetraammineplatinum tetrachloroplatinate: [Pt(NH3)4][PtCl4]
Potassium: K
- Potassium hexabromoplatinate: K2PtBr6
- Potassium hexachloroplatinate: K2PtCl6
- Potassium tetrabromoplatinate: K2PtBr4
- Potassium tetrachloroplatinate: K2PtCl4
- Potassium tetracyanoplatinate: K2Pt(CN)4
- Potassium acetate: KC2H3O2
- Potassium bromide: KBr
- Potassium carbonate: K2CO
- Potassium chloride: KCl
- Potassium dihydrogen phosphate: KH2PO4
- Potassium fluoride: KF
- Potassium iodide: KI
- Potassium nitrate: KNO3
- Potassium oxalate: K2C2O4·H2O
- Potassium perchlorate: KClO4
- Potassium periodate: KIO4
- Potassium persulfate: K2S2O8
- Potassium sulfate: K2SO4
Praseodymium: Pr
- Praseodymium metal: Pr
- Praseodymium Metal: Pr6O11
- Praseodymium fluoride: PrF3
- Praseodymium acetate: Pr(C2H3O2)3·3H2O
- Praseodymium bromide: PrB3
- Praseodymium carbonate: Pr2(CO3)3·8H2O
- Praseodymium chloride: PrCl3·7H2O
- Praseodymium nitrate: Pr(NO3)3·6H2O
- Praseodymium oxalate: Pr2(C2O4)3·xH2O
- Praseodymium sulfate: Pr2(SO4)3·xH2O
Rhenium: Re
- Rhenium metal: Re
- Ammonium perrhenate: NH4ReO4
- Perrhenic acid: HReO4
- Potassium hexabromorhenate: K2ReBr6
- Potassium hexachlororhenate: K2ReCl6
- Rhenium sulfide: Re2S7
Rhodium: Rh
- Rhodium metal: Rh
- Ammonium hexachlororhodate: (NH4)3RhCl6
- Chlorocarbonylbis(triphenylphosphine)rhodium: [RhCl(CO)((C6H5)3P)2]
- Chlorotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium: [RhCl(C6H5)3P)3]
- Chloropentaamminerhodium chloride: [Rh(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
- Potassium hexachlororhodate: K3RhCl6
- Rhodium acetylacetonate: Rh(C5H7O2)3
- Rhodium chloride: RhCl3·xH2O
- Rhodium Metal: Rh2O3
- Sodium hexachlororhodate: Na3RhCl6
Rubidium: Rb
- Rubidium bromide: RbBr
- Rubidium chloride: RbCl
- Rubidium nitrate: RbNO3
- Rubidium perchlorate: RbClO4
- Rubidium sulfate: Rb2SO4
Ruthenium: Ru
- Ruthenium metal: Ru
- Ammonium hexachlororuthenate: (NH4)2RuCl6
- Dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium: [RuCl2((C6H5)3P)3]
- Hexaammineruthenium chloride: {Ru(NH3)6}Cl2
- Potassium hexachlororuthenate: K2RuCl6
- Ruthenium chloride: RuCl3·xH2O
- Ruthenium Metal: RuO2·xH2O
Samarium: Sm
- Samarium metal: Sm
- Samarium-cobalt alloy: Sm-Co
- Samarium Metal: Sm2O3
- Samarium acetate: Sm(C2H3O2)3·3H2O
- Samarium bromide: SmBr3·6H2O
- Samarium carbonate: Sm2(CO3)2·xH2O
- Samarium chloride: SmCl3·6H2O
- Samarium fluoride: SmF3
- Samarium nitrate: Sm(NO3)3·6H2O
- Samarium oxalate: Sm2(C2O3)3·xH2O
- Samarium sulfate: Sm2(SO4)3·8H2O
Scandium: Sc
- Scandium metal: Sc
- Scandium-aluminum alloy: Al-Sc
- Scandium Metal: Sc2O3
- Scandium acetate: Sc(C2H3O2)3·xH2O
- Scandium chloride: ScCl3·xH2O
- Scandium fluoride: ScF3
- Scandium nitrate: Sc(NO3)3·5H2O
- Scandium oxalate: Sc(C2O4)3·5H2O
- Scandium sulfate: Sc2(SO4)3·5H2O
Selenium: Se
- Selenium metal: Se
- Selenious acid: H2SeO3
- Selenium diMetal: SeO2
Silicon: Si
- Silicon metal: Si (monocrystal, polycrystal)
- Silicon Carbide: SiC
- Ferrosilicon: Fe-Si
- Calcium-silicon alloy: Ca-Si
- Chromium-silicon alloy: Cr-Si
- Silicon Metal: SiO2
- Silicon Polycrystalline Ingot: Si
- Silicon Polycrystalline Chunk: Si
- Silicon Targets: Si
- Silicon Shaped Charge: Si
- Silicon Cylinders: Si
- Silicon Wafers: Si
- Silicon Arsenide Polycrystalline Ingot: SiAs
- Silicon Arsenide Polycrystalline Chunk: SiAs
- Silicon Phosphide Polycrystalline Ingot: SiP
- Silicon Phosphide Polycrystalline Chunk: SiP
Silver: Ag
- Silver acetate: AgC2H3O2
- Silver bromide: AgBr
- Silver carbonate: Ag2CO3
- Silver chloride: AgCl
- Silver fluoride: AgF
- Silver iodide: AgI
- Silver nitrate: AgNO3
- Silver Metal: Ag2O
- Silver perrhenate: AgReO4
- Silver phosphate: Ag3PO4
- Silver sulfate: Ag2SO4
- Silver triocyanate: AgSCN
- Potassium dicyanoargentate: KAg(CN)2
Sodium: Na
- Sodium acetate: NaC2H3O2
- Sodium bromide: NaBr
- Sodium carbonate: Na2CO3
- Sodium chloride: NaCl
- Sodium dihydrogen phosphate: NaH2PO4
- Sodium fluoride: NaF
- Sodium hydrogen sulfate: NaHSO4
- Sodium nitrate: NaNO3
- Sodium oxalate: Na2CO4
- Sodium sulfate: NaSO4
Strontium: Sr
- Strontium acetate: Sr(C2H3O2)2
- Strontium bromide: SrBr2
- Strontium carbonate: SrCO3
- Strontium chloride: SrCl2·6H2O
- Strontium fluoride: SrF2
- Strontium nitrate: Sr(NO3)2
- Strontium sulfate: SrSO4
Tantalum: Ta
- Tantalum metal: Ta
- Tantalum Metal: Ta2O5
- Potassium tantalfluoride: K2TaF7
Tellurium: Te
- Tellurium metal: Te
- Tellurium Metal: TeO2
- Tellurium Polycrystalline Chunk: Te
- Tellurium Shaped Charge: Te
Terbium: Tb
- Terbium metal: Tb
- Terbium Metal: Tb4O7
- Terbium acetate: Tb(C2H3O2)3·xH2O
- Terbium bromide: TbBr2·xH2O
- Terbium carbonate: Tb2(CO3)3·xH2O
- Terbium chloride: TbCl3·6H2O
- Terbium fluoride: TbF3
- Terbium nitrate: Tb(NO3)3·6H2O
- Terbium oxalate: Tb(C2O4)3·10H2O
- Terbium sulfate: Tb2(SO4)3·8H2O
Thallium: Tl
- Thallium acetate: TlC2H3O2
- Thallium bromide: TlBr
- Thallium chloride: TlCl
- Thallium iodide: TlI
- Thallium nitrate: TlNO3
- Thallium sulfate: Tl2SO4
Thorium: Th
- Thorium metal: Th
- Thorium nitrate: Th(NO3)4·xH2O
- Thorium Metal: ThO2
Thulium: Tm
- Thulium metal: Tm
- Thulium Metal: Tm2O3
- Thulium acetate: Tm(C2H3O2)3·xH2O
- Thulium bromide: TmBr3
- Thulium carbonate: Tm2(CO3)3·xH2O
- Thulium chloride: TmCl3·6H2O
- Thulium fluoride: TmF3
- Thulium nitrate: Tm(NO3)3·5H2O
- Thulium oxalate: Tm(C2O4)3·6H2O
- Thulium sulfate: Tm(SO4)3·8H2O
Tin: Sn
- Tin metal: Sn (Ingot, Solder)
- Tin oxide: SnO2
- Tin chloride: SnCl2
- Ammonium hexafluorostannate: (NH4)2SnF6
- Tin Ingot: Sn
- Tin Chunk: Sn
- Tin Shaped Charge: Sn
- Tin Arsenide Polycrystalline Chunk: SnAs
- Tin Selenide Polycrystalline Ingot: SnSe
- Tin Selenide Polycrystalline Chunk: SnSe
- Tin Selenide Targets: SnSe
- Tin Selenide Shaped Charge: SnSe
- Tin Telluride Polycrystalline Ingot: SnTe
- Tin Telluride Polycrystalline Chunk: SnTe
- Tin Telluride Targets: SnTe
- Tin Telluride Shaped Charge: SnTe
-
Titanium: Ti
- Titanium metal: Ti
- Titanium oxide: TiO2
- Ammonium hexafluorotitanate: (NH4)2TiF6
- Ammonium titanyl oxalate: (NH4)2TiO(C2O4)2·H2O
Tungsten: W
- Tungsten metal: W
- Ferrotungsten: Fe-W
- Tungsten carbide: WC
- Tungsten Oxide: WO3
- Ammonium tetrathiotungstate: (NH4)2WS4
- Ammonium tungstate: (NH4)2WO4
- Sodium tungstate: NH2WO4·2H2O
Vanadium: V
- Ferrovanadium: Fe-V
- Vanadium Oxide: V2O5
- Ammonium metavanadate: NH4VO3
- Potassium metavanadate: KVO3
- Vanadyl sulfate: VOSO4·xH2O
Ytterbium: Yb
- Ytterbium metal: Yb
- Ytterbium Oxide: Yb2O3
- Ytterbium acetate: Yb(C2H3O2)2·4H2O
- Ytterbium bromide: YbBr3·6H2O
- Ytterbium carbonate: Yb2(CO3)3·xH2O
- Ytterbium chloride: YbCl3·6H2O
- Ytterbium fluoride: YbF3
- Ytterbium nitrate: Yb2(NO3)3·5H2O
- Ytterbium oxalate: Yb2(C2O4)3·10H2O
- Ytterbium sulfate: Yb2(SO4)3·8H2O
Yttrium: Y
- Yttrium metal: Y
- Yttrium-aluminum alloy: Y-Al
- Yttrium Metal: Y2O3
- Yttrium stabilized zirconia: Y2O3 + ZrO2
- Yttrium nitrate
- Yttrium chloride
- Yttrium acetate: Y(C2H3O2)3·4H2O
- Yttrium carbonate: Y2(CO3)3·3H2O
- Yttrium fluoride: YF3
- Yttrium oxalate: Y2(C2O4)3·9H2O
- Yttrium sulfate: Y(SO4)3·8H2O
Zinc: Zn
- Zinc metal: Zn
- Zinc Oxide: ZnO
- Zinc acetate: Zn(OAC)2·xH2O
- Zinc bromide: ZnBr2
- Zinc chloride: ZnCl2
- Zinc fluoride: ZnF2
- Zinc iodide: ZnI2
- Zinc nitrate: Zn(NO3)2·6H2O
- Zinc sulfate: ZnSO4
- Zinc Ingot: Zn
- Zinc Chunk: Zn
- Zinc Shaped Charge: Zn
- Zinc Telluride Polycrystalline Ingot: ZnTe
- Zinc Telluride Polycrystalline Chunk: ZnTe
- Zinc Telluride Targets: ZnTe
- Zinc Telluride Shaped Charge: ZnT
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