Antimony information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
 Antimony is finding use in semiconductor technology for making infrared detectors, diodes and Hall-effect devices in crystalline structures, such as antimony telluride and gallium antimonide . Antimony is however a poor conductor of heat and electricity. It greatly increases the hardness and mechanical strength of lead. This has found applications in batteries, antifriction alloys, small arms and tracer bullets and cable sheathing. Antimony compounds are used in manufacturing flame-proofing compounds, paints, ceramic enamels, glass, and pottery glazes. Antimony is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder.
Antimony facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are
available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. The chemical state of antimony affects the toxicity of the element and its compounds. Antimony toxicity makes it immediately dangerous to life or health at 50 mg m-3 or above. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.
Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Antimony is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.
Antimony is a Block P, Group 15, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Antimony's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 5 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3. In its elemental form antimony's CAS number is 7440-36-0. The antimony atom has a radius of 145.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm.
 All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%)for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, thin fillm deposition using sputtering targets and evaporation materials, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology applications. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Antimony compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.
The most common source of Antimony is sulfide stibnite (Sb2S3), although it is sometimes found natively. See Antimony research below. Antimony was first discovered by Early Man.
 Antimoine |
 Antimon |
 Antimonio |
 Antimônio |
 Antimonio |
 Antimon |
Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of antimony and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
| Isotope |
Atomic Mass |
% Abundance on Earth |
| Sb-121 |
120.903818 |
57.36 |
| Sb-123 |
122.904216 |
42.64 |
The following table shows the abundance of Antimony present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:
| |
Typical Human Body |
Universe |
| by Weight |
no data |
0.4 ppb |
| by Atom |
no data |
0.004 ppb |
Safety Data and Biological Role. The safety data for antimony metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Antimony compounds have no biological role.
Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for antimony (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
| 1st Ionization Energy |
830.59 kJ mol-1 |
| 2nd Ionization Energy |
1594.96 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd Ionization Energy |
2441.10 kJ mol-1 |
Conductivity. As to antimony's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 39 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 2.05. The thermal conductivity of antimony is 24.3 W m-1 K-1.
Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for antimony are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
| Heat of Fusion |
20.9 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
165.8 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Atomization |
262.04 kJ mol-1 |
Recent Research & Development for AntimonySynthesis, Spectral, and Electrochemical Characterization of the First Arsenic(V)-Phthalocyanines.
Isago H, Kagaya Y.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jul 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22812716
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Emission of fluorescent x-radiation from non-lead based shielding materials of protective clothing: a radiobiological problem?
Schmid E, Panzer W, Schlattl H, Eder H.
J Radiol Prot. 2012 Jul 19;32(3):N129-N139. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22809876
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Anthropogenic Disturbance of Element Cycles at the Earth's Surface.
Sen IS, Peucker-Ehrenbrink B.
Environ Sci Technol. 2012 Jul 17. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22803636
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
In Vitro Antiparasitic and Apoptotic Effects of Antimony Sulfide Nanoparticles on Leishmania infantum.
Soflaei S, Dalimi A, Ghaffarifar F, Shakibaie M, Shahverdi AR, Shafiepour M.
J Parasitol Res. 2012;2012:756568. Epub 2012 Jun 26.
PMID:
22792443
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Free PMC Article
Transformation/dissolution examination of antimony and antimony compounds, with speciation of the T/D solutions.
Skeaff JM, Beaudoin R, Wang R, Joyce B.
Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2012 Jul 12. doi: 10.1002/ieam.1339. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22791698
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Analysis of arsenic and antimony distribution within plants growing at an old mine site in Ouche (Cantal, France) and identification of species suitable for site revegetation.
Jana U, Chassany V, Bertrand G, Castrec-Rouelle M, Aubry E, Boudsocq S, Laffray D, Repellin A.
J Environ Manage. 2012 Jul 10;110C:188-193. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22789654
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Efficacy and tolerability of oleylphosphocholine (OlPC) in a laboratory model of visceral leishmaniasis.
Fortin A, Hendrickx S, Yardley V, Cos P, Jansen H, Maes L.
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Jul 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22782488
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Chlorine/Methyl Exchange Reactions in Silylated Aminostibanes: A New Route To Stibinostibonium Cations.
Hering C, Lehmann M, Schulz A, Villinger A.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jul 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22780689
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Arsenic Hyper-tolerance in Four Microbacterium Species Isolated from Soil Contaminated with Textile Effluent.
Kaushik P, Rawat N, Mathur M, Raghuvanshi P, Bhatnagar P, Swarnkar H, Flora S.
Toxicol Int. 2012 May;19(2):188-94.
PMID:
22778519
[PubMed - in process]
Free PMC Article
Role of oxidative stress and apoptosis in the cellular response of murine macrophages upon Leishmania infection.
Deschacht M, VAN Assche T, Hendrickx S, Bult H, Maes L, Cos P.
Parasitology. 2012 Jul 10:1-9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22776404
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The role of selenium and selected trace elements in the etiology of esophageal cancer in high risk Golestan province of Iran.
Keshavarzi B, Moore F, Najmeddin A, Rahmani F.
Sci Total Environ. 2012 Jul 5;433C:89-97. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22771466
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Genetic typing reveals monomorphism between antimony sensitive and resistant Leishmania donovani isolates from visceral leishmaniasis or post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis cases in India.
Subba Raju BV, Gurumurthy S, Kuhls K, Bhandari V, Schnonian G, Salotra P.
Parasitol Res. 2012 Jul 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22752721
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electron irradiation effects on optical properties of semiorganic antimony thiourea tetra chloride single crystals.
Mahesha Upadhya K, Udayashankar NK, Ganesh S.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2012 Jun 7;97C:38-44. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22743610
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Decrease in anti-Leishmania IgG3 and IgG1 after cutaneous leishmaniasis lesion healing is correlated with the time of clinical cure.
Fagundes-Silva GA, Vieira-Gonçalves R, Nepomuceno MP, de Souza MA, Junior SF, Oliveira-Neto MP, Da-Cruz AM, Gomes-Silva A.
Parasite Immunol. 2012 Jun 28. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2012.01379.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22742527
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
CE-ESI-MS metabolic fingerprinting of Leishmania resistance to antimony treatment.
Canuto GA, Castilho-Martins EA, Tavares M, López-Gonzálvez A, Rivas L, Barbas C.
Electrophoresis. 2012 Jul;33(12):1901-10. doi: 10.1002/elps.201200007.
PMID:
22740478
[PubMed - in process]
Prediction score for antimony treatment failure in patients with ulcerative leishmaniasis lesions.
Valencia C, Arévalo J, Dujardin JC, Llanos-Cuentas A, Chappuis F, Zimic M.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012 Jun;6(6):e1656. Epub 2012 Jun 12.
PMID:
22720098
[PubMed - in process]
Free PMC Article
Magnetic interaction in ferrous antimonite, FeSb(2)O(4), and some derivatives.
Bayliss RD, Berry FJ, de Laune BP, Greaves C, Helgason O, Marco JF, Thomas MF, Vergara L, Whitaker MJ.
J Phys Condens Matter. 2012 Jul 11;24(27):276001. Epub 2012 Jun 19.
PMID:
22713475
[PubMed - in process]
[Screening, identification, and promoting effect of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in rhizosphere of Taxus chinensis var. mairei].
Ren J, Liu H, Wu X, Wang Q, Ren Y, Liu Y, Feng Y.
Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao. 2012 Mar 4;52(3):295-303. Chinese.
PMID:
22712399
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Inside Solomon's house: an archaeological study of the Old Ashmolean chymical laboratory in Oxford.
Martinón-Torres M.
Ambix. 2012 Mar;59(1):22-48.
PMID:
22701934
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Topical treatment modalities for old world cutaneous leishmaniasis: a review.
Alavi-Naini R, Fazaeli A, O'Dempsey T.
Prague Med Rep. 2012;113(2):105-18.
PMID:
22691282
[PubMed - in process] |
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