Antimony information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
 Antimony is finding use in semiconductor technology for making infrared detectors, diodes and Hall-effect devices in crystalline structures, such as antimony telluride and gallium antimonide . Antimony is however a poor conductor of heat and electricity. It greatly increases the hardness and mechanical strength of lead. This has found applications in batteries, antifriction alloys, small arms and tracer bullets and cable sheathing. Antimony compounds are used in manufacturing flame-proofing compounds, paints, ceramic enamels, glass, and pottery glazes. Antimony is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder.
Antimony facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are
available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. The chemical state of antimony affects the toxicity of the element and its compounds. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.
Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Antimony is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.
Antimony is a Block P, Group 15, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Antimony's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 5 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3. In its elemental form antimony's CAS number is 7440-36-0. The antimony atom has a radius of 145.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm.
 All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%)for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, thin fillm deposition using sputtering targets and evaporation materials, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology applications. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Antimony compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.
Antimony was first discovered by Early Man.
 Antimoine |
 Antimon |
 Antimonio |
 Antimônio |
 Antimonio |
 Antimon |
Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of antimony and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
| Isotope |
Atomic Mass |
% Abundance on Earth |
| Sb-121 |
120.903818 |
57.36 |
| Sb-123 |
122.904216 |
42.64 |
The following table shows the abundance of Antimony present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:
| |
Typical Human Body |
Universe |
| by Weight |
no data |
0.4 ppb |
| by Atom |
no data |
0.004 ppb |
Safety Data and Biological Role. The safety data for antimony metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Antimony compounds have no biological role.
Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for antimony (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
| 1st Ionization Energy |
830.59 kJ mol-1 |
| 2nd Ionization Energy |
1594.96 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd Ionization Energy |
2441.10 kJ mol-1 |
Conductivity. As to antimony's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 39 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 2.05. The thermal conductivity of antimony is 24.3 W m-1 K-1.
Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for antimony are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
| Heat of Fusion |
20.9 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
165.8 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Atomization |
262.04 kJ mol-1 |
Recent Research & Development for AntimonySynthesis of four different antimony(III) O,O'-dialkyldithiophosphates: Characterization by (31)P CP/MAS NMR, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and adsorption at a stibnite surface (Sb(2)S(3)).
Larsson AC, Ivanov MA, Gerasimenko AV, Ivanov AV.
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2011 Nov 6. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22115160
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Sensing of Aqueous Fluoride Anions by Cationic Stibine-Palladium Complexes.
Wade CR, Ke IS, Gabbaï FP.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2011 Nov 24. doi: 10.1002/anie.201106242. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22113959
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electrical characterization of n/p-type nickel silicide/silicon junctions by Sb segregation.
Jun M, Park Y, Hyun Y, Choi SJ, Zyung T, Jang M.
J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2011 Aug;11(8):7339-42.
PMID:
22103191
[PubMed - in process]
Hydride generation in-atomizer collection atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of antimony in acetic acid leachates from pewter cups.
Dessuy MB, Kratzer J, Vale MG, Welz B, Dedina J.
Talanta. 2011 Dec 15;87:255-61. Epub 2011 Oct 17.
PMID:
22099676
[PubMed - in process]
Electrical and optical performance of transparent conducting oxide films deposited by electrostatic spray assisted vapour deposition.
Hou X, Choy KL, Liu JP.
J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2011 Sep;11(9):8114-9.
PMID:
22097539
[PubMed - in process]
Biomolecule-assisted green route to Sb2S3 crystals with three-dimensional dandelionlike patterns.
Xiang W, Ji G, Wei J, Yang Y, Yuan H, Liu X.
J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2011 Sep;11(9):7820-32.
PMID:
22097493
[PubMed - in process]
Use of antimony in the treatment of leishmaniasis: current status and future directions.
Haldar AK, Sen P, Roy S.
Mol Biol Int. 2011;2011:571242. Epub 2011 Jun 8.
PMID:
22091408
[PubMed - in process]
Comparison between one day and two days protocols for sentinel node mapping of breast cancer patients.
Ali J, Alireza R, Mostafa M, Naser FM, Bahram M, Ramin S.
Hell J Nucl Med. 2011 Sep;14(3):313-5.
PMID:
22087458
[PubMed - in process]
Identification of Gunshot Residues in Fabric Targets Using Sector Field Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Technique and Ternary Graphs*
Freitas JC, Sarkis JE, Neto ON, Viebig SB.
J Forensic Sci. 2011 Nov 10. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01956.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22074259
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
MAP Kinase1 of Leishmania Donovani: Down Regulation Associates With Antimony Resistance in Field Isolates.
Ashutosh, Garg M, Sundar S, Duncan R, Nakhasi HL, Goyal N.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 Nov 7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22064540
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Use of carbon nanotubes and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for the speciation of very low amounts of arsenic and antimony in waters.
López-García I, Rivas RE, Hernández-Córdoba M.
Talanta. 2011 Oct 30;86:52-7. Epub 2011 Aug 27.
PMID:
22063510
[PubMed - in process]
Frequency of use controls chemical leaching from drinking-water containers subject to disinfection.
Andra SS, Makris KC, Shine JP.
Water Res. 2011 Dec 15;45(20):6677-87. Epub 2011 Oct 12.
PMID:
22040714
[PubMed - in process]
Antimony leaching from MSWI bottom ash: Modelling of the effect of pH and carbonation.
Cornelis G, Gerven TV, Vandecasteele C.
Waste Manag. 2011 Oct 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22035902
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Discovery of Safe and Orally Effective 4-Aminoquinaldine Analogues as Apoptotic Inducers with Activity against Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis.
Palit P, Hazra A, Maity A, Vijayan RS, Manoharan P, Banerjee S, Mondal NB, Ghoshal N, Ali N.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 Oct 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22024817
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Bone marrow leishmaniasis: a review of situation in Thailand.
Wiwanitkit V.
Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011 Oct;4(10):757-9.
PMID:
22014727
[PubMed - in process]
Spectroelectrochemistry of cytochrome c and azurin immobilized in nanoporous antimony-doped tin oxide.
Kwan P, Schmitt D, Volosin AM, McIntosh CL, Seo DK, Jones AK.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2011 Dec 7;47(45):12367-9. Epub 2011 Oct 20.
PMID:
22011849
[PubMed - in process]
Structural diversity for phosphine complexes of stibenium and stibinidenium cations.
Chitnis SS, Peters B, Conrad E, Burford N, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2011 Nov 8;47(45):12331-3. Epub 2011 Oct 20.
PMID:
22011846
[PubMed - in process]
Pressure-induced disordered substitution alloy in sb(2)te(3).
Zhao J, Liu H, Ehm L, Chen Z, Sinogeikin S, Zhao Y, Gu G.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Nov 21;50(22):11291-3. Epub 2011 Oct 18.
PMID:
22007692
[PubMed - in process]
Electrospun antimony doped tin oxide (ATO) nanofibers as a versatile conducting matrix.
Ostermann R, Zieba R, Rudolph M, Schlettwein D, Smarsly BM.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2011 Nov 28;47(44):12119-21. Epub 2011 Oct 14.
PMID:
22003493
[PubMed - in process]
Multi-metal(loid) methylation in methanoarchaea is linked to central intermediates of methanogenesis.
Thomas F, Diaz-Bone RA, Wuerfel O, Huber B, Weidenbach K, Schmitz RA, Hensel R.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22003009
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher] |
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