Oxygen
About Oxygen

One might think that the ubiquity and vital importance of oxygen would facilitate its early and easy discovery, but this was not the case. True, for many centuries of human history, the necessity of some aspect of air to the processes of combustion and respiration was intuited and articulated by scholars, yet until the late eighteenth century, a full theoretical understanding of the underlying chemistry of these processes remained elusive.
A significant barrier to this understanding was phlogiston theory, an early chemical theory that claimed all combustible materials contained phlogiston, and during burning this substance was released. The observation that air contained components that both supported and failed to support combustion had been made, but phlogiston theory dictated that this was due to a limited capacity of air to absorb phlogiston. Both Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Joseph Priestley isolated a component of air that supported both combustion and respiration for longer than ordinary air, with the former referring to it as “fire air” and the latter “dephlogisticated air”, both assuming that what they had found was the substance that combined with phlogiston during combustion. This gas, of course, was oxygen, and Priestley is typically given credit for its discovery; though Scheele isolated his “fire air” first, in 1771, Priestley was first to publish his method of synthesis, which he did in 1774. It took a third chemist, Antoine Lavoisier, to recognize that the newly discovered gas was in fact a new element; he published the first correct explanation of combustion in 1777. Though correct in his dismissal of phlogiston, Lavoisier developed his own mistaken theory stating that all acids contained this new element, and therefore named the element from the Greek roots oxys, acid, and genes, producer. By the time this belief was proven incorrect, the name oxygen had stuck.
It is understandable that early chemists were baffled by oxygen, as they had little experience with elements that came in such an astounding array of forms. A strong oxidizing agent greedy for electrons, oxygen will react with nearly any element given sufficiently high temperatures. Oxygen is found in water and most organic compounds, and its ability to form both single and double bonds, its presence in many polyatomic ions, and its tendency to form complexes with transition metals such as iron all serve to further expand the list of oxygen-containing substances. Major ores of iron, zinc, and aluminum are all oxides, as is the quicklime used in mortar and concrete, the carbon dioxide produced by aerobic respiration, and common silica sand.
In its compound forms, the uses of oxygen are nearly limitless, but even in the form of the pure element, it has many applications. The most stable and common allotrope of oxygen is the O2 we breathe. Pure oxygen gas is traditionally extracted from liquefied air through the fractional distillation; it is left behind in liquid form after nitrogen has evaporated. Additionally, various molecular sieves including activated carbon, zeolites, and silica gel can be used to separate clean dry air, exploiting the differing affinities of nitrogen and oxygen for the filter material at varying pressures. This second method is often used for portable oxygen concentrators used by patients with respiratory ailments. Concentrated oxygen is additionally used for life support in aerospace and diving contexts. Pure oxygen finds use as rocket fuel, as a reagent in the chemical industry, and in metallurgy. In steel smelting, injecting pure oxygen removes sulfur impurities and excess carbon as oxides, while in oxy-fuel welding and metal welding, pure oxygen is used to produce an exceptionally hot flame.
Though common oxygen gas (O2) is known as an oxidizing agent, another form of oxygen is much more potent in this regard. Ozone, a molecule composed of three oxygen atoms, is also an extremely potent oxidizing agent. Ozone is produced in small amounts from molecular oxygen through a variety of processes, most commonly from the action of ultraviolet radiation on fossil fuel byproducts in the air, and from the electrolysis of air--ozone is responsible for the distinctive smell associated with lightning strikes. Ozone’s reactivity makes it toxic, but it decays to harmless oxygen, making it particularly useful for disinfection in contexts where any toxic residue would be unacceptable. It is regularly used to kill insects in grain, spores in food processing plants, and bacteria on food and surfaces. Increasingly, it is used as a replacement for chlorine bleach in producing fabrics and processing wood pulp to manufacture paper, usually in conjunction with another strong oxidizing agent, hydrogen peroxide. It also reacts with many water contaminants including metals, sulfides, nitrites, and complex organics, and can be used in water treatment plants to both kill biological agents and neutralize chemical toxins. Ozone’s instability requires that it be produced on site, rather than mass produced and transported. This is typically accomplished using high-voltage electrolysis of air, or through the use of ultraviolet ozone generators.
Elemental Oxides
- Aluminum Oxide
- Antimony Oxide Sb2O3
- Antimony Oxide Sb2O5
- Arsenic Oxide As2O3
- Arsenic Oxide As2O5
- Barium Oxide
- Beryllium Oxide
- Bismuth Oxide
- Boron Oxide
- Cadmium Oxide
- Calcium Oxide
- Cerium Oxide
- Cerium Oxide, Calcium doped Nanopowder
- Cerium Oxide, Praseodymium doped
- Cerium Oxide, Samarium doped Nanopowder
- Cerium Oxide, Yttria doped Nanopowder
- Cesium Oxide
- Chromium Oxide
- Chromium doped Silicon Oxide
- Cobalt Oxide CoO
- Cobalt Oxide Co3O4
- Copper Oxide CuO
- Copper Oxide Cu2O
- Dysprosium Oxide
- Erbium Oxide
- Europium Oxide
- Gadolinium Oxide
- GZO (Gadolinium Oxide doped Zinc Oxide)
- Gallium Oxide
- Germanium Oxide
- Gold Oxide
- Digold Trioxide
- Hafnium Oxide
- Holmium Oxide
- Indium Oxide
- Iodine Oxide
- Iridium Oxide
- Iron Oxide FeO
- Iron Oxide Fe2O3
- Iron Oxide Fe3O4
- Lanthanum Oxide
- Lead Oxide PbO
- Lead Oxide Pb3O4
- Lithium Oxide
- Lutetium Oxide
- Magnesium Oxide
- Manganese Oxide MnO
- Manganese Oxide MnO2
- Manganese Oxide Mn2O3
- Manganese Oxide Mn3O4
- Mercury Oxide
- Molybdenum Oxide
- Molybdenum(IV) Oxide
- Neodymium Oxide
- Nickel Oxide
- Niobium Oxide NbO
- Niobium Oxide NbO2
- Niobium Oxide Nb2O5
- Osmium (VI) Oxide OsO2
- Osmium Tetroxide OsO4
- Palladium Dioxide
- Palladium Oxide
- Platinum Oxide
- Platinum(IV) Oxide Hydrate
- Platinum(IV) Oxide Monohydrate
- Potassium Oxide
- Praseodymium Oxide Pr2O3
- Praseodymium Oxide Pr6O11
- Rhenium Oxide ReO2
- Rhenium Oxide ReO3
- Rhenium Oxide Re2O7
- Rhodium Oxide
- Rubidium Oxide
- Ruthenium Oxide
- Ruthenium Oxide Anhydrous
- Ruthenium(IV) Oxide Hydrate
- Samarium Oxide
- Scandium Oxide
- Selenium Oxide
- Silicon Oxide
- Silver Oxide AgO
- Silver Oxide Ag2O
- Disilver Oxide
- Sodium Oxide
- Strontium Oxide
- Tantalum Oxide
- Tellurium Oxide
- Terbium Oxide
- Thallium(I) Oxide
- Thallium(III) Oxide
- Thorium Oxide
- Thulium Oxide
- Tin Oxide SnO
- Tin Oxide SnO2
- Titanium Oxide TiO
- Titanium Oxide TiO2
- Titanium Oxide Ti2O3
- Titanium Oxide Ti3O5
- Tungsten Oxide WO2
- Tungsten Oxide WO3
- Uranium Oxide
- Vanadium Oxide V2O3
- Vanadium Oxide V6O13
- Vanadium(II) Oxide VO
- Vanadium(IV) Oxide VO2
- Vanadium(V) Oxide V2O5
- Ytterbium Oxide
- Yttrium Oxide
- Zinc Oxide
- Zirconium Oxide
Oxide Pellets
- Aluminum Oxide Pellets
- Antimony Oxide Pellets
- Arsenic Oxide Pellets
- Beryllium Oxide Pellets
- Boron Oxide Pellets
- Cadmium Oxide Pellets
- Cerium Oxide Pellets
- Cerium(IV) Oxide Samarium doped Pellets
- Cesium Oxide Pellets
- Chromium Oxide Pellets
- Cobalt Oxide Pellets
- Copper Oxide Pellets
- Dysprosium Oxide Pellets
- Gadolinium Oxide Pellets
- Germanium Oxide Pellets
- Gold Oxide Pellets
- Hafnium Oxide Pellets
- Indium Oxide Pellets
- Iridium Oxide Pellets
- Iron Oxide Pellets
- Lanthanum Oxide Pellets
- Magnesium Oxide Pellets
- Manganese Oxide Pellets
- Molybdenum Oxide Pellets
- Nickel Oxide Pellets
- Praseodymium Oxide Pellets
- Rhodium Oxide Pellets
- Rubidium Oxide Pellets
- Samarium Oxide Pellets
- Scandium Oxide Pellets
- Silver Oxide Pellets
- Sodium Oxide Pellets
- Tantalum Oxide Pellets
- Tellurium Oxide Pellets
- Terbium Oxide Pellets
- Titanium Oxide Pellets
- Tungsten Oxide Pellets
- Uranium Oxide Pellets
- Vanadium Oxide Pellets
- Ytterbium Oxide Pellets
- Yttrium Aluminum Oxide Pellets
- Yttrium Oxide Pellets
- Zinc Oxide Pellets
- Zirconium Oxide Pellets
Oxide Powders
- Aluminum Oxide Powder
- Antimony Oxide Powder
- Arsenic Oxide Powder
- Barium Oxide Powder
- Beryllium Oxide Powder
- Bismuth Oxide Powder
- Boron Oxide Powder
- Cadmium Oxide Powder
- Calcium Oxide Powder
- Cerium Oxide Powder
- Cesium Oxide Powder
- Chromium Oxide Powder
- Cobalt Oxide Powder
- Copper Oxide Powder
- Dysprosium Oxide Powder
- Erbium Oxide Powder
- Europium Oxide Powder
- Gadolinium Oxide Powder
- Gallium Oxide Powder
- Germanium Oxide Powder
- Gold Oxide Powder
- Hafnium Oxide Powder
- Holmium Oxide Powder
- Indium Oxide Powder
- Iridium Oxide Powder
- Iron Oxide Powder
- Lanthanum Oxide Powder
- Lead Oxide Powder
- Lithium Oxide Powder
- Lutetium Oxide Powder
- Magnesium Oxide Powder
- Manganese Oxide Powder
- Mercury Oxide Powder
- Molybdenum Oxide Powder
- Neodymium Oxide Powder
- Nickel Oxide Powder
- Nickel(III) Oxide Powder
- Niobium Oxide Powder
- Osmium Oxide Powder
- Palladium Oxide Powder
- Platinum Oxide Powder
- Potassium Oxide Powder
- Praseodymium Oxide
- Rhenium Oxide Powder
- Rhodium Oxide Powder
- Rubidium Oxide Powder
- Ruthenium Oxide Powder
- Samarium Oxide Powder
- Scandium Oxide Powder
- Selenium Oxide Powder
- Silicon Oxide Powder
- Silver Oxide Powder
- Sodium Oxide Powder
- Strontium Oxide Powder
- Tantalum Oxide Powder
- Tellurium Oxide Powder
- Terbium Oxide Powder
- Thallium Oxide Powder
- Thorium Oxide Powder
- Thullium Oxide Powder
- Tin Oxide Powder
- Titanium Oxide Powder
- Tungsten Oxide Powder
- Uranium Oxide Powder
- Vanadium Oxide Powder
- Ytterbium Oxide Powder
- Yttrium Aluminum Oxide Powder
- Yttrium Oxide Powder
- Zinc Oxide Powder
- Zirconium Oxide Powder
Oxide Tablets
- Aluminum Oxide Tablets
- Antimony Oxide Tablets
- Beryllium Oxide Tablets
- Boron Oxide Tablets
- Cadmium Oxide Tablets
- Cerium Oxide Tablets
- Cesium Oxide Tablets
- Chromium Oxide Tablets
- Cobalt Oxide Tablets
- Copper Oxide Tablets
- Dysprosium Oxide Tablets
- Gadolinium Oxide Tablets
- Gold Oxide Tablets
- Hafnium Oxide Tablets
- Indium Oxide Tablets
- Iridium Oxide Tablets
- Iron Oxide Tablets
- Lanthanum Oxide Tablets
- Magnesium Oxide Tablets
- Manganese Oxide Tablets
- Molybdenum Oxide Tablets
- Nickel Oxide Tablets
- Niobium Oxide Tablets
- Praseodymium Oxide Tablets
- Rhodium Oxide Tablets
- Rubidium Oxide Tablets
- Samarium Oxide Tablets
- Scandium Oxide Tablets
- Silver Oxide Tablets
- Sodium Oxide Tablets
- Tantalum Oxide Tablets
- Tellurium Oxide Tablets
- Terbium Oxide Tablets
- Titanium Oxide Tablets
- Tungsten Oxide Tablets
- Uranium Oxide Tablets
- Vanadium Oxide Tablets
- Ytterbium Oxide Tablets
- Yttrium Aluminum Oxide Tablets
- Yttrium Oxide Tablets
- Zinc Oxide Tablets
- Zirconium Oxide Tablets
Oxide Pieces
- Aluminum Oxide Pieces
- Antimony Oxide Pieces
- Beryllium Oxide Pieces
- Boron Oxide Pieces
- Cadmium Oxide Pieces
- Cerium Oxide Pieces
- Cesium Oxide Pieces
- Chromium Oxide Pieces
- Cobalt Oxide Pieces
- Copper Oxide Pieces
- Dysprosium Oxide Pieces
- Gadolinium Oxide Pieces
- Germanium Oxide Pieces
- Hafnium Oxide Pieces
- Indium Oxide Pieces
- Iridium Oxide Pieces
- Iron Oxide Pieces
- Lanthanum Oxide Pieces
- Magnesium Oxide Pieces
- Manganese Oxide Pieces
- Molybdenum Oxide Pieces
- Nickel Oxide Pieces
- Niobium Oxide Pieces
- Praseodymium Oxide Pieces
- Rhodium Oxide Pieces
- Rubidium Oxide Pieces
- Samarium Oxide Pieces
- Silver Oxide Pieces
- Sodium Oxide Pieces
- Tantalum Oxide Pieces
- Tellurium Oxide Pieces
- Terbium Oxide Pieces
- Titanium Oxide Pieces
- Tungsten Oxide Pieces
- Uranium Oxide Pieces
- Vanadium Oxide Pieces
- Ytterbium Oxide Pieces
- Yttrium Aluminum Oxide Pieces
- Yttrium Oxide Pieces
- Zinc Oxide Pieces
- Zirconium Oxide Pieces
Oxide Sputtering Targets
- Aluminum Oxide Sputtering Target
- Antimony Oxide Sputtering Target
- Beryllium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Bismuth Lanthanum Titanium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Bismuth Titanium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Bismuth Trioxide Sputtering Targets
- Black Iron Oxide Sputtering Targets
- Boron Oxide Sputtering Target
- Cadmium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Cerium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Chromium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Chromium Trioxide Sputtering Targets
- Cobalt Oxide Sputtering Target
- Copper Oxide Sputtering Target
- Dysprosium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Gadolinium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Germanium Dioxide Sputtering Targets
- Gold Oxide Sputtering Target
- Hafnium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Indium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Iridium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Iron Oxide Sputtering Target
- Lanthanum Oxide Sputtering Target
- Magnesium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Manganese Oxide Sputtering Target
- Molybdenum Oxide Sputtering Target
- Molybdenum Trioxide Sputtering Targets
- Neodymium Oxide Sputtering Targets
- Nickel Oxide Sputtering Target
- Niobium Pentoxide Sputtering Targets
- Praseodymium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Rhodium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Samarium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Scandium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Silver Oxide Sputtering Target
- Sodium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Tantalum Oxide Sputtering Target
- Tellurium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Terbium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Titanium Dioxide Sputtering Targets
- Titanium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Tungsten Oxide Sputtering Target
- Tungsten Trioxide Sputtering Target
- Uranium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Vanadium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Vanadium Pentoxide Sputtering Target
- Ytterbium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Yttrium Aluminum Oxide Sputtering Target
- Yttrium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Zinc Oxide/Phosphorus Oxide Sputtering Target
- Zinc Oxide Sputtering Target
- Zinc Oxide Sputtering Target
- Zirconium Oxide Sputtering Target
Oxide Nanopowder
- Aluminum Oxide Nanopowder
- Antimony Oxide Nanopowder
- Arsenic Oxide Nanopowder
- Barium Oxide Nanopowder
- Beryllium Oxide Nanopowder
- Bismuth Oxide Nanopowder
- Boron Oxide Nanopowder
- Cadmium Oxide Nanopowder
- Calcium Oxide Nanopowder
- Cerium Oxide Nanopowder
- Cesium Oxide Nanopowder
- Chromium Oxide Nanopowder
- Cobalt Oxide Nanopwder
- Copper Oxide Nanopowder
- Dysprosium Oxide Nanopowder
- Erbium Oxide Nanopowder
- Europium Oxide Nanopowder
- Gadolinium Oxide Nanopowder
- Gallium Oxide Nanopowder
- Germanium Oxide Nanopowder
- Gold Oxide Nanopowder
- Hafnium Oxide Nanopowder
- Holmium Oxide Nanopowder
- Indium Oxide Nanopowder
- Iridium Oxide Nanopowder
- Iron Oxide Nanopowder
- Lanthanum Oxide Nanopowder
- Lead Oxide Nanopowder
- Lithium Oxide Nanopowder
- Lutetium Oxide Nanopowder
- Magnesium Oxide Nanopowder
- Manganese Oxide Nanopowder
- Molybdenum Oxide Nanopowder
- Neodymium Oxide Nanopowder
- Nickel Oxide Nanopowder
- Niobium Oxide Nanopowder
- Osmium Oxide Nanopowder
- Palladium Oxide Nanopowder
- Platinum Oxide Nanopowder
- Potassium Oxide Nanopowder
- Praseodymium Oxide Nanopowder
- Rhenium Oxide Nanopowder
- Rhodium Oxide Nanopowder
- Ruthenium Oxide Nanopowder
- Samarium Oxide Nanopowder
- Scandium Oxide Nanopowder
- Selenium Oxide Nanopowder
- Silicon Oxide Nanopowder
- Silver Oxide Nanopowder
- Sodium Oxide Nanopowder
- Strontium Oxide Nanopowder
- Tantalum Oxide Nanopowder
- Tellurium Oxide Nanopowder
- Terbium Oxide Nanopowder
- Thallium Oxide Nanopowder
- Thorium Oxide Nanopowder
- Thulium Oxide Nanopowder
- Tin Oxide Nanopowder
- Titanium Oxide Nanopowder
- Tungsten Oxide Nanopowder
- Vanadium Oxide Nanopowder
- Zinc Oxide Nanopowder
- Zirconium Oxide Nanopowder
Oxide Spheres
Oxide Granules
Oxygen Properties
Oxygen is a Block P, Group 16, Period 2 element. Its electron configuration is [He]2s22p4 . The oxygen atom has a covalent radius of 66±2 pm and its Van der Waals radius is 152 pm. In its elemental form, CAS 7782-44-7, oxygen is colorless gas or a pale blue liquid. The name oxygen is derived from the Greek word oxys, meaning acid because, at the time of its naming, it was thought that acids required oxygen in their composition.
Oxygen information, including technical data, safety data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are specified below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
General Properties
Symbol: | O |
---|---|
Atomic Number: | 8 |
Atomic Weight: | 16 |
Element Category: | nonmetal, chalcogen |
Group, Period, Block: | 16 (chalcogens), 2, p |
Color: | colourless as a gas, liquid is pale blue |
Other Names: | Ossigeno, Oxigênio, Syre |
Physical Properties
Melting Point: | -218.79°C, -361.822°F, 54.36 K |
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Boiling Point: | -182.962°C, -297.332°F |
Density: | (0 °C, 101.325 kPa) 1.429 g/L |
Liquid Density @ Melting Point: | 1.141 g·cm3 |
Density @ 20°C: | 0.001429 g/cm3 |
Density of Solid: | 1495 kg·m3 |
Specific Heat: | N/A |
Superconductivity Temperature: | N/A |
Triple Point: | 54.361 K, 0.1463 kPa |
Critical Point: | 154.581 K, 5.043 MPa |
Heat of Fusion (kJ·mol-1): | 0.444 |
Heat of Vaporization (kJ·mol-1): | 6.82 |
Heat of Atomization (kJ·mol-1): | 246.785 |
Thermal Conductivity: | 26.58x10-3 W·m-1·K-1 |
Thermal Expansion: | N/A |
Electrical Resistivity: | N/A |
Tensile Strength: | N/A |
Molar Heat Capacity: | 29.378 J·mol-1·K-1 |
Young's Modulus: | N/A |
Shear Modulus: | N/A |
Bulk Modulus: | N/A |
Poisson Ratio: | N/A |
Mohs Hardness: | N/A |
Vickers Hardness: | N/A |
Brinell Hardness: | N/A |
Speed of Sound: | (gas, 27 °C) 330 m·s-1 |
Pauling Electronegativity: | 3.44 |
Sanderson Electronegativity: | 3.65 |
Allred Rochow Electronegativity: | 3.5 |
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity: | 3.41 (16.7% s orbital) |
Allen Electronegativity: | 3.61 |
Pauling Electropositivity: | 0.56 |
Reflectivity (%): | N/A |
Refractive Index: | 1.000271 (gas; liquid 1.221) |
Chemical Properties
Electrons: | 8 |
---|---|
Protons: | 8 |
Neutrons: | 8 |
Electron Configuration: | [He]2s22p4 |
Atomic Radius: | N/A |
Atomic Radius, non-bonded (Å): | 1.52 |
Covalent Radius: | 66±2 pm |
Covalent Radius (Å): | 0.64 |
Van der Waals Radius: | 152 pm |
Oxidation States: | 2, 1, 1, 2 |
Phase: | Gas |
Crystal Structure: | cubic |
Magnetic Ordering: | paramagnetic |
Electron Affinity (kJ·mol-1) | 140.926 |
1st Ionization Energy: | 1313.9 kJ·mol-1 |
2nd Ionization Energy: | 3388.3 kJ·mol-1 |
3rd Ionization Energy: | 5300.5 kJ·mol-1 |
Identifiers
CAS Number: | 7782-44-7 |
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EC Number: | 231-956-9 |
MDL Number: | MFCD00011434 |
Beilstein Number: | N/A |
SMILES Identifier: | O |
InChI Identifier: | InChI=1S/O |
InChI Key: | QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
PubChem CID: | 977 |
ChemSpider ID: | 140526 |
Abundance
Earth - Total: | 30.12% |
---|---|
Mercury - Total: | 14.44% |
Venus - Total: | 30.90% |
Earth - Seawater (Oceans), ppb by weight: | 8.57E+08 |
Earth - Seawater (Oceans), ppb by atoms: | 3.31E+08 |
Earth - Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by weight: | 4.6E+08 |
Earth - Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by atoms: | 6E+08 |
Sun - Total, ppb by weight: | 9000000 |
Sun - Total, ppb by atoms: | 700000 |
Stream, ppb by weight: | 8.8E+08 |
Stream, ppb by atoms: | 55000000 |
Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by weight: | 4.1E+08 |
Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by atoms: | 4.8E+08 |
Typical Human Body, ppb by weight: | N/A |
Typical Human Body, ppb by atom: | N/A |
Universe, ppb by weight: | N/A |
Universe, ppb by atom: | N/A |
History
Discovered By: | Carl Wilhelm Scheele |
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Discovery Date: | 1772 |
First Isolation: | N/A |
Health, Safety & Transportation Information for Oxygen
Pure oxygen is highly reactive, and can react violently with common materials such as oil or grease. Almost all materials will burn vigorously in pure oxygen, including textiles, rubber, and metals, once a fire has been started. Some materials may catch fire spontaneously in an oxygen enriched environment. Care should be taken in oxygen-enriched environments to avoid producing sparks, and materials that may ignite spontaneously must be avoided. Materials for tanks, hoses, gaskets, and pressure regulators used with compressed oxygen must be certified as safe for this use.
Safety Data | |
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Material Safety Data Sheet | MSDS |
Signal Word | Danger |
Hazard Statements | H270-H280 |
Hazard Codes | 0 |
Risk Codes | 8 |
Safety Precautions | N/A |
RTECS Number | RS2060000 |
Transport Information | UN 1072 2.2 |
WGK Germany | nwg |
Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling (GHS) | ![]() ![]() |
Oxygen Isotopes
Oxygen has three stable isotopes: 16O, 17O and 18O.
Nuclide | Isotopic Mass | Half-Life | Mode of Decay | Nuclear Spin | Magnetic Moment | Binding Energy (MeV) | Natural Abundance (% by atom) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12O | 12.034405(20) | 580(30)E-24 s [0.40(25) ] | 2p to 10C; p to 11N | 0+ | N/A | 56.29 | - |
13O | 13.024812(10) | 8.58(5) ms | ß+ to 13N; ß+ + p to 12C | (3/2-) | N/A | 73.69 | - |
14O | 14.00859625(12) | 70.598(18) s | EC to 14N | 0+ | N/A | 96.67 | - |
15O | 15.0030656(5) | 122.24(16) s | EC to 15N | 1/2- | 0.719 | 109.41 | - |
16O | 15.99491461956(16) | STABLE | - | 0+ | 0 | 125.87 | 99.757 |
17O | 16.99913170(12) | STABLE | - | 5/2+ | -1.8938 | 129.29 | 0.038 |
18O | 17.9991610(7) | STABLE | - | 0+ | 0 | 137.37 | 0.205 |
19O | 19.003580(3) | 26.464(9) s | ß- to 19F | 5/2+ | N/A | 141.72 | - |
20O | 20.0040767(12) | 13.51(5) s | ß- to 20F | 0+ | N/A | 148.87 | - |
21O | 21.008656(13) | 3.42(10) s | ß- to 21F | (1/2,3/2,5/2)+ | N/A | 153.22 | - |
22O | 22.00997(6) | 2.25(15) s | ß- to 22F; ß- + n to 21F | 0+ | N/A | 160.37 | - |
23O | 23.01569(13) | 82(37) ms | ß- + n to 22F; ß- to 23F | 1/2+# | N/A | 162.86 | - |
24O | 24.02047(25) | 65(5) ms | ß- + n to 23F; ß- to 24F | 0+ | N/A | 166.28 | - |
25O | 25.02946(28)# | <50 ns | Unknown | (3/2+)# | N/A | 165.97 | - |
26O | 26.03834(28)# | <40 ns | ß- to 26F; n to 25O | 0+ | N/A | 165.67 | - |
27O | 27.04826(54)# | <260 ns | Unknown | 3/2+# | N/A | 164.43 | - |
28O | 28.05781(64)# | <100 ns | Unknown | 0+ | N/A | 164.12 | - |