Bismuth
About Bismuth

Though bismuth is twice as abundant as gold in the earth’s crust, early man appears to have remained largely ignorant of its existence (with the sole exception of certain bronze Incan knives unearthed in Machu Picchu). The first written reference to the metal was by the German monk Basilius Valentinus in 1450 who called it "wismut," from the German weisse masse (meaning white mass, also translated as meadow mines); around that time, mines in Schönberg began extracting bismuth ores for use in pigments and dyes. 16th century Christian scholar Georgius Agricola was the first to clearly distinguish bismuth as an element distinct from antimony, lead, tin or zinc, metals with which it was frequently misidentified, and Claude François Geoffroy finally isolated the metal in 1738.
The exact etymology of the name bismuth is debated: the most likely candidate is bisemutum, Agricola’s Latinized translation of wismut, but other suggested origins are the Arabic bi ismid, meaning “possessing the properties of antimony,” and psimydos, a corruption of the Greek psimythion meaning “white lead.” Alchemists also referred to the metal as tectum argenti, or "silver being made," due to the frequent presence of bismuth ores atop those of silver. Besides pigments, early uses of bismuth compounds were mainly limited to medical treatments of digestive disorders and as additives to pewter alloys. Demand for bismuth remained low until World War I, when it was utilized in solders and alloys, and rose dramatically throughout the years as it began to be used as an additive in aluminum, iron, and steels, and again when it gained attention as alternative to lead and cadmium due to its low toxicity (unusual for a heavy metal).
Bismuth is classified as a p-block “poor metal,” which refers to its proximity to the border between metals and non-metals on the periodic table. In its elemental form, bismuth is a silvery-white crystalline solid that oxidizes to pink when exposed to air and burns with a blue flame, forming the yellow oxide; high purity bismuth metal can form brilliant rainbow-colored Hopper crystals that are easily grown at home in an oven. Both soft and extremely brittle, bismuth metal is higher in density as a liquid than as a solid, meaning that it expands in volume as it cools; the only other elements that exhibit this property are antimony, germanium, silicon, and gallium. Bismuth has several notable properties: compared to all other metals, it is the most strongly diamagnetic, possesses the lowest thermal conductivity (with the exception of mercury), and exhibits the highest Hall Effect, or increase in electrical resistance in a magnetic field. It is also the heaviest element that is ostensibly stable, its only stable isotope (209-Bi) having a half-life of more than a billion times the age of the universe: 1 yottasecond, the equivalent to 32 quadrillion years. Bismuth occasionally occurs as a free element in nature and in minerals such as bismuthinite, bismite, and bismoclite. It is also produced as a byproduct of lead, copper, tin, molybdenum and tungsten extraction, and by recycling. Its sulfide and oxide forms are the most commercially important.
Applications for bismuth metal and its compounds are numerous. With other metals such as tin, cadmium, and lead, bismuth forms low-melting alloys which are extensively used in the automotive and aviation industries, safety devices in fire extinguishing systems, and solders. Bismuth is also used in malleable irons, steels for free machining, and isostatic lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) used in nuclear reactors; because it expands on solidification, alloys of bismuth are well-suited for the making of sharp castings of objects subject to damage by high temperatures. Bismuth metal is used as a thermocouple material, an electrocatalyst for converting CO2 to CO for alternative fuels, and a carrier for uranium 235-U or 233-U fuel in nuclear reactors. Its soluble salts are characterized by forming insoluble basic salts with the addition of water, a property sometimes used in detection work. Industrial applications for compounds and alloys include solders, lead-free ammunition, additives for casting and galvanizing, lubricants, pyrotechnics, cosmetics, glazes and pigments, and catalysts for making acrylic fibers and high density foams. The most common medical use of bismuth is in the commercial digestive aid bismuth subsalicylate, more commonly known as Pepto-Bismol (57% bismuth by weight).
Crystalline bismuth compounds play an important role in advanced and emerging technologies. Bismuth telluride is a semiconductor that exhibits the thermoelectric effect when alloyed with antimony or selenium. Bismuth selenide is a topological insulator, a unique hybrid material with an insulating core and conductive surface with applications in spintronics-based electronics and quantum computers. Another unique topological insulator is sodium bismuthide (Na3Bi), a type of material known as a “three-dimensional topological Dirac semi-metal” that can be more efficiently fabricated than its two-dimensional analog of graphene. Researchers have identified superconducting bismuth compounds like silver-doped bismuth oxysulphide and bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide (BSCCO), one of several materials that exhibits the highest measured superconducting transition temperatures. Bismuth Ferrite (BFO) is a perovskite crystal that is piezoelectric, multiferroic, and can act as a nanoscale shape memory material for integrating photonic and electrical components in plasmonic devices or used in high-temperature supercapacitors for electric vehicles.
Products
Featured High Purity Products
Compounds
- Bismuth Acetate
- Bismuth Acetate Solution
- Bismuth Aluminate
- Bismuth Aluminate Hydrate
- Bismuth Arsenate
- Bismuth(III) Benzoate
- Bismuth Borate
- Bismuth Bromide
- Bismuth Carbide
- Bismuth Carbonate
- Bismuth Chloride
- Bismuth Chloride, Ultra Dry
- Bismuth Chloride Solution
- Bismuth Chromate
- Bismuth(III) Dichromate
- Bismuth Fluoride
- Bismuth(V) Fluoride
- Bismuth Hydride
- Bismuth Hydroxide
- Bismuth Iodate
- Bismuth Iodide
- Bismuth Iodide, Ultra Dry
- Bismuth Iron Molybdenum Oxide
- Bismuth Lead Strontium Calcium Copper Oxide
- Bismuth Metaborate
- Bismuth Molybdate Bi2MoO6
- Bismuth Molybdate Bi2Mo2O9
- Bismuth Molybdate Bi2Mo3O12
- Bismuth(III) Niobate
- Bismuth(III) Nitrate Hydrate
- Bismuth(III) Nitrate Pentahydrate
- Bismuth Nitrate Oxide
- Bismuth Nitrate Solution
- Bismuth Oxalate
- Bismuth Oxide
- Bismuth(III) Oxide Perchlorate Hydrate
- Bismuth Oxybromide
- Bismuth(III) Oxychloride
- Bismuth Oxychromate
- Bismuth Phosphate
- Bismuth Potassium Iodide
- Bismuth Sodium Tartrate
- Bismuth Stannate Bi2O7Sn2
- Bismuth Stannate Bi2O9Sn3
- Bismuth Stannate Pentahydrate
- Bismuth Strontium Calcium Copper Oxide
- Bismuth Subacetate
- Bismuth Subcarbonate
- Bismuth Subiodide
- Bismuth Subnitrate
- Bismuth Subnitrate Monohydrate
- Bismuth Sulfate
- Bismuth Sulfate Solution
- Bismuth Sulfite
- Bismuth Tartrate
- Bismuth Titanate Bi12O20Ti
- Bismuth Trioxide
- Bismuth Tungstate
- Bismuth Vanadium Oxide
- Bismuth Zirconate
- Bismuthyl Perchlorate Monohydrate
- Potassium Bismuthate
- Sodium Bismuthate
- Sodium Bismuth Titanate
- Strontium Bismuth Tantalate
- Yttria Stabilized Bismuth Oxide (YBO)
- Bismuth Balls
- Bismuth Bands
- Bismuth Bars
- Bismuth Blocks
- Bismuth Beads
- Bismuth Chunk
- Bismuth Coil
- Bismuth Concentrate
- Bismuth Cubes
- Bismuth Cylinder
- Bismuth Disc
- Bismuth Flake
- Bismuth Flanges
- Bismuth Foil
- Bismuth Granules
- Bismuth Ingot
- Bismuth Lump
- Bismuth Metal
- Bismuth Microfoil
- Bismuth Microleaf
- Bismuth Needles
- Bismuth Particles
- Bismuth Parts
- Bismuth Pellets
- Bismuth Pieces
- Bismuth Plate
- Bismuth Powder
- Bismuth Puck
- Bismuth Ribbon
- Bismuth Rings
- Bismuth Rod
- Bismuth Samples
- Bismuth Shaving
- Bismuth Sheet
- Bismuth Shot
- Bismuth Single Crystal
- Bismuth Slugs
- Bismuth Specimens
- Bismuth Spheres
- Bismuth Spring
- Bismuth Strip
- Bismuth Tape
- Bismuth Tube
- Bismuth Wafer
- Bismuth Wire
- Aluminum Bismuth Alloy
- Bismuth Antimony Alloy
- Bismuth Cadmium Alloy
- Bismuth Indium Alloy
- Bismuth Indium Cadmium Alloy
- Bismuth Indium Lead Tin Alloy
- Bismuth Indium Tin Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Cadmium Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Cadmium Indium Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Cadmium Indium Tin Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Cadmium Tin Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Indium Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Indium Cadmium Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Indium Silver Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Indium Tin Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Indium Tin Cadmium Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Tin Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Tin Cadmium Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Tin Cadmium Indium Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Tin Cadmium Ingot
- Bismuth Lead Tin Indium Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Tin Silver Alloy
- Bismuth Tin Alloy
- Bismuth Tin (Eutectic) Lump
- Bismuth Tin Cadmium
- Bismuth Tin Indium Lead Alloy
- Bismuth Tin Silver Alloy
- Bismuth Zinc Alloy
- Hafnium Bismuth Alloy
- Indium Bismuth Alloy
- Indium Bismuth Cadmium Alloy
- Indium Bismuth Tin Alloy
- Indium Bismuth Tin Powder
- Lithium Bismuth Alloy
- Silver Bismuth Alloy
- Tin Bismuth Alloy Powder
- Tin Bismuth Copper Silver Alloy
- Tin Bismuth Silver Alloy
- Tin Bismuth Zinc Alloy
- Tin Bismuth Zinc Powder
- Tin Indium Silver Bismuth Alloy
- Tin Indium Silver Bismuth Copper Alloy
- Tin Lead Silver Bismuth Alloy Particles
- Tin Lead Silver Bismuth Alloy Powder
- Tin Silver Bismuth Copper Alloy
- Woods Metal Stick
- 2-Naphthol, Bismuth(III) Salt
- Ammonium Bismuth Citrate
- BiGGY Agar
- Bismuth 2-Ethylhexanoate
- Bismuth Dimethyldithiocarbamate
- Bismuth(III) Isopropoxide
- Bismuth Citrate
- Bismuth Hexafluoroacetylacetonate
- Bismuth Oxyiodogallate
- Bismuth Neodecanoate
- Bismuth Potassium Citrate
- Bismuth Sodium Ethylenediaminetetraacetate
- Bismuth Subgallate Basic
- Bismuth Subgallate Hydrate
- Bismuth Subsalicylate
- Bismuth(III) tert-Pentoxide
- Bismuth Titanium Isopropoxide
- Bismuth Tribromophenate
- Bismuth Trifluoromethanesulfonate
- Bismuth Tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate)
- Dichloritri(o-tolyl)bismuth
- Dichlorodiphenyl(p-tolyl)bismuth
- Dichlorotris(4-chlorophenyl)bismuth
- Trimethylbismuth
- Tri-o-tolylbismuthine
- Tri-p-tolylbismuthine
- Triphenyl-2,6-xylylbismuthonium Tetrafluoroborate
- Triphenyl Bismuth
- Triphenylbismuth(III) Carbonate
- Triphenylbismuth Diacetate
- Triphenylbismuth Dichloride
- Triphenylbismuth Difluoride
- Tris(1-methoxy-2-methyl-2-propoxy)bismuth
- Tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dionato)bismuth
- Tris(2-methoxyphenyl)bismuth Dichloride
- Tris(2-methoxyphenyl)bismuthine
- Tris(4-ethoxyphenyl)bismuthine
- Tris(4-fluorophenyl)bismuthine
- Tris(4-methoxyphenyl)bismuthine
- Tris(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)bismuth Dichloride
Metallic Forms
- Bismuth Balls
- Bismuth Bands
- Bismuth Bars
- Bismuth Blocks
- Bismuth Beads
- Bismuth Chunk
- Bismuth Coil
- Bismuth Concentrate
- Bismuth Cubes
- Bismuth Cylinder
- Bismuth Disc
- Bismuth Flake
- Bismuth Flanges
- Bismuth Foil
- Bismuth Granules
- Bismuth Ingot
- Bismuth Lump
- Bismuth Metal
- Bismuth Microfoil
- Bismuth Microleaf
- Bismuth Needles
- Bismuth Particles
- Bismuth Parts
- Bismuth Pellets
- Bismuth Pieces
- Bismuth Plate
- Bismuth Powder
- Bismuth Puck
- Bismuth Ribbon
- Bismuth Rings
- Bismuth Rod
- Bismuth Samples
- Bismuth Shaving
- Bismuth Sheet
- Bismuth Shot
- Bismuth Single Crystal
- Bismuth Slugs
- Bismuth Specimens
- Bismuth Spheres
- Bismuth Spring
- Bismuth Strip
- Bismuth Tape
- Bismuth Tube
- Bismuth Wafer
- Bismuth Wire
Alloys
- Aluminum Bismuth Alloy
- Bismuth Antimony Alloy
- Bismuth Cadmium Alloy
- Bismuth Indium Alloy
- Bismuth Indium Cadmium Alloy
- Bismuth Indium Lead Tin Alloy
- Bismuth Indium Tin Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Cadmium Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Cadmium Indium Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Cadmium Indium Tin Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Cadmium Tin Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Indium Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Indium Cadmium Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Indium Silver Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Indium Tin Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Indium Tin Cadmium Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Tin Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Tin Cadmium Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Tin Cadmium Indium Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Tin Cadmium Ingot
- Bismuth Lead Tin Indium Alloy
- Bismuth Lead Tin Silver Alloy
- Bismuth Tin Alloy
- Bismuth Tin (Eutectic) Lump
- Bismuth Tin Cadmium
- Bismuth Tin Indium Lead Alloy
- Bismuth Tin Silver Alloy
- Bismuth Zinc Alloy
- Hafnium Bismuth Alloy
- Indium Bismuth Alloy
- Indium Bismuth Cadmium Alloy
- Indium Bismuth Tin Alloy
- Indium Bismuth Tin Powder
- Lithium Bismuth Alloy
- Silver Bismuth Alloy
- Tin Bismuth Alloy Powder
- Tin Bismuth Copper Silver Alloy
- Tin Bismuth Silver Alloy
- Tin Bismuth Zinc Alloy
- Tin Bismuth Zinc Powder
- Tin Indium Silver Bismuth Alloy
- Tin Indium Silver Bismuth Copper Alloy
- Tin Lead Silver Bismuth Alloy Particles
- Tin Lead Silver Bismuth Alloy Powder
- Tin Silver Bismuth Copper Alloy
- Woods Metal Stick
Oxide Forms
Organometallics
- 2-Naphthol, Bismuth(III) Salt
- Ammonium Bismuth Citrate
- BiGGY Agar
- Bismuth 2-Ethylhexanoate
- Bismuth Dimethyldithiocarbamate
- Bismuth(III) Isopropoxide
- Bismuth Citrate
- Bismuth Hexafluoroacetylacetonate
- Bismuth Oxyiodogallate
- Bismuth Neodecanoate
- Bismuth Potassium Citrate
- Bismuth Sodium Ethylenediaminetetraacetate
- Bismuth Subgallate Basic
- Bismuth Subgallate Hydrate
- Bismuth Subsalicylate
- Bismuth(III) tert-Pentoxide
- Bismuth Titanium Isopropoxide
- Bismuth Tribromophenate
- Bismuth Trifluoromethanesulfonate
- Bismuth Tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate)
- Dichloritri(o-tolyl)bismuth
- Dichlorodiphenyl(p-tolyl)bismuth
- Dichlorotris(4-chlorophenyl)bismuth
- Trimethylbismuth
- Tri-o-tolylbismuthine
- Tri-p-tolylbismuthine
- Triphenyl-2,6-xylylbismuthonium Tetrafluoroborate
- Triphenyl Bismuth
- Triphenylbismuth(III) Carbonate
- Triphenylbismuth Diacetate
- Triphenylbismuth Dichloride
- Triphenylbismuth Difluoride
- Tris(1-methoxy-2-methyl-2-propoxy)bismuth
- Tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dionato)bismuth
- Tris(2-methoxyphenyl)bismuth Dichloride
- Tris(2-methoxyphenyl)bismuthine
- Tris(4-ethoxyphenyl)bismuthine
- Tris(4-fluorophenyl)bismuthine
- Tris(4-methoxyphenyl)bismuthine
- Tris(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)bismuth Dichloride
Nanomaterials
- Bismuth Cobalt Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Dispersion
- Bismuth Cobalt Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
- Bismuth Ferrite Nanoparticles
- Bismuth Nanoparticles
- Bismuth Nanoparticle Dispersion
- Bismuth Nanoprisms
- Bismuth Nanorods
- Bismuth Oxide Nanoparticles
- Bismuth Oxide Nanoparticle Dispersion
- Bismuth Telluride Nanoparticles
- Bismuth Tin Alloy Nanoparticles
Semiconductor & Optical
- BiInTe3 Crystal
- Bismuth Antimonide
- Bismuth Antimony Telluride Beads
- Bismuth Antimony Telluride Granule
- Bismuth Antimony Telluride Lump
- Bismuth Antimony Telluride Powder
- Bismuth Arsenide
- Bismuth Ferrite
- Bismuth Germanate Bi12GeO20
- Bismuth Germanate Bi4Ge3O12
- Bismuth Phosphide
- Bismuth Selenide
- Bismuth Selenide Single Crystal
- Bismuth Selenide BiSe
- Bismuth Silicon Oxide
- Bismuth(III) Sulfide
- Bismuth Telluride
- Bismuth Telluride Particles
- Bismuth Telluride Powder
- Bismuth Telluride Single Crystal
- Bismuth Telluride BiTe
- Bismuth Tellurium Selenide
- Bismuth Thallium Telluride
- Bismuth Titanate Bi4Ti3O12
- Bismuth(III) Titanate Bi2Ti2O7
- Bi2O2Se Crystal
- Bi2O2Te Crystal
- Bi4Pb7Se13 Crystal
- BiSbTe3 Crystal
- BiSbTeSe Crystal
- Bi2Te3 • Sb2Se3 Solid Solution
- Bi2Te3 • Sb2Te3 Solid Solution
- BiTeI Crystal
- Co2Bi2Te5 Crystal
- CoBi2Te4 Crystal
- CoBi4Se7 Crystal
- CoBi4Te7 Crystal
- CrBi2Te4 Crystal
- CrBi4Te7 Crystal
- CuBi3PbS6 Crystal
- Dibismuth Diantimonide
- Erbium Bismuthide
- GeBi2Te4 Crystal
- GeBi4Te7 Crystal
- In2GaBi2S6 Crystal
- MnBiSe Crystal
- Mn2sub>Bi2sub>Te5sub> Crystal
- Pb2Bi2Se5 Crystal
- Pb2Bi2Te5 Crystal
- PbBi4Te7 Crystal
- PbBi6Te10 Crystal
- SnBi2Te4 Crystal
- SnBi4Te7 Crystal
- Strontium Titanate (Bismuth Doped)
Sputtering Targets
- Bismuth Antimonide Sputtering Target
- Bismuth Antimony Telluride Sputtering Target
- Bismuth Calcium Ferrite Sputtering Target
- Bismuth Dysprosium Iron Gallate Sputtering Target
- Bismuth Ferrite Garnet Sputtering Target
- Bismuth Ferrite Sputtering Target
- Bismuth Fluoride Sputtering Target
- Bismuth Lanthanum Ferrite Sputtering Target
- Bismuth Lanthanum Titanium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Bismuth Lutetium Iron Gallate Sputtering Target
- Bismuth Manganate Sputtering Target
- Bismuth Metal Sputtering Target
- Bismuth Metal Rotatable Sputtering Target
- Bismuth Nickel Alloy Sputtering Target
- Bismuth Nickel Oxide Sputtering Target
- Bismuth Oxide Sputtering Target
- Bismuth Oxide Rotatable Sputtering Target
- Bismuth Phosphide Sputtering Target
- Bismuth Selenide Sputtering Target
- Bismuth Sulfide Sputtering Target
- Bismuth Telluride Sputtering Target
- Bismuth Titanate Sputtering Target
- Bismuth Trioxide Sputtering Target
- Bismuth Zinc Niobate Sputtering Target
- Cerium Bismuth Ferrite Sputtering Target
- Copper Bismuth Alloy Sputtering Target
- Silver Bismuth Telluride Sputtering Target
- Strontium Bismuth Tantalate Sputtering Target
- Zinc Bismuth Telluride Sputtering Target
Bismuth expands on solidification. This property makes bismuth alloys particularly well suited to the making of sharp castings of objects subject to damage by high temperatures. With other metals such as tin, cadmium, etc., bismuth forms low-melting alloys which are extensively used for safety devices in fire detection and extinguishing systems. Bismuth is also used in producing malleable irons and is finding use as a catalyst for making acrylic fibers.
When bismuth is heated in air it burns with a blue flame, forming yellow fumes of the oxide. The metal is also used as a thermocoupling material, and has found application as a carrier for 235 U or 233 U fuel in nuclear reactors. Its soluble salts are characterized by forming insoluble basic salts with the addition of water, a property sometimes used in detection work. Bismuth oxychloride is used extensively in cosmetics. Elemental or metallic forms of bismuth include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Bismuth oxide is available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Bismuth fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Bismuth is also available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.
Bismuth Properties
Bismuth is a Block P, Group 15, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Bismuth's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5 and its electron configuration is [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3.
The bismuth atom has a radius of 154.5.pm and its Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. In its elemental form, CAS 7440-69-9, bismuth is a silvery white brittle metal. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all metals and, with the exception of mercury; its thermal conductivity is lower than any other metal.
Bismuth has a high electrical resistance, and has the highest Hall Effect of any metal (i.e., greatest increase in electrical resistance when placed in a magnetic field). Bismuth is found in bismuthinite Bi2S3 and bismite Bi2O3. It is also produced as a byproduct of lead, copper, tin, molybdenum and tungsten extraction. The name Bismuth originates from the German word 'wissmuth' meaning white mass. Bismuth information, including technical data, safety data, high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on earth, conductivity and thermal properties are also included.
General Properties
Symbol: | Bi |
---|---|
Atomic Number: | 83 |
Atomic Weight: | 208.9804 |
Element Category: | post-transition metal |
Group, Period, Block: | 15 (pnictogens), 6, p |
Color: | lustrous reddish white |
Other Names: | N/A |
Physical Properties
Melting Point: | 271.3 °C, 520.34 °F, 544.45 K |
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Boiling Point: | 1560.0 °C, 2840.0 °F, 1833.15 K |
Density: | 9.78 g/cm3 |
Liquid Density @ Melting Point: | 10.05 g/cm3 |
Density @ 20°C: | 9.807 g/cm3 |
Density of Solid: | 9780 kg·m3 |
Specific Heat: | 0.123 c in J/g/K |
Superconductivity Temperature: | N/A |
Triple Point: | N/A |
Critical Point: | N/A |
Heat of Fusion (kJ·mol-1): | 10.48 |
Heat of Vaporization (kJ·mol-1): | 179.1 |
Heat of Atomization (kJ·mol-1): | 207.36 |
Thermal Conductivity: | 7.97 W·m?1·K?1 |
Thermal Expansion: | (25 °C) 13.4 µm·m-1·K-1 |
Electrical Resistivity: | (20 °C) 1.29 µ Ω·m |
Tensile Strength: | N/A |
Molar Heat Capacity: | 25.52 J·mol-1·K-1 |
Young's Modulus: | 32 GPa |
Shear Modulus: | 12 GPa |
Bulk Modulus: | 31 GPa |
Poisson Ratio: | 0.33 |
Mohs Hardness: | 2.25 |
Vickers Hardness: | N/A |
Brinell Hardness: | 94.2 MPa |
Speed of Sound: | (20 °C) 1790 m·s-1 |
Pauling Electronegativity: | 2.02 |
Sanderson Electronegativity: | 2.34 |
Allred Rochow Electronegativity: | 1.67 |
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity: | 2.15 (20% s orbital) |
Allen Electronegativity: | N/A |
Pauling Electropositivity: | 1.98 |
Reflectivity (%): | N/A |
Refractive Index: | N/A |
Chemical Properties
Electrons: | 83 |
---|---|
Protons: | 83 |
Neutrons: | 126 |
Electron Configuration: | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3 |
Atomic Radius: | 156 pm |
Atomic Radius, non-bonded (Å): | 2.07 |
Covalent Radius: | 148±4 pm |
Covalent Radius (Å): | 1.5 |
Van der Waals Radius: | 207 pm |
Oxidation States: | 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 (mildly acidic oxide) |
Phase: | Solid |
Crystal Structure: | Rhombohedral |
Magnetic Ordering: | diamagnetic |
Electron Affinity (kJ·mol-1) | 90.892 |
1st Ionization Energy: | 702.96 kJ·mol-1 |
2nd Ionization Energy: | 1610.35 kJ·mol-1 |
3rd Ionization Energy: | 2466.18 kJ·mol-1 |
Identifiers
CAS Number: | 7440-69-9 |
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EC Number: | 231-177-4 |
MDL Number: | MFCD00134033 |
Beilstein Number: | N/A |
SMILES Identifier: | [Bi] |
InChI Identifier: | InChI=1S/Bi |
InChI Key: | JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
PubChem CID: | 5359367 |
ChemSpider ID: | 4514266 |
Abundance
Earth - Total: | 2.94 ppb |
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Mercury - Total: | 0.034 ppb |
Venus - Total: | 3.08 ppb |
Earth - Seawater (Oceans), ppb by weight: | 0.02 |
Earth - Seawater (Oceans), ppb by atoms: | 0.00059 |
Earth - Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by weight: | 25 |
Earth - Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by atoms: | 2 |
Sun - Total, ppb by weight: | 10 |
Sun - Total, ppb by atoms: | 0.07 |
Stream, ppb by weight: | N/A |
Stream, ppb by atoms: | N/A |
Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by weight: | 70 |
Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by atoms: | 5 |
Typical Human Body, ppb by weight: | 300 |
Typical Human Body, ppb by atom: | 14 |
Universe, ppb by weight: | 10 |
Universe, ppb by atom: | 0.09 |
History
Discovered By: | Claude François Geoffroy |
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Discovery Date: | 1753 |
First Isolation: | N/A |
Health, Safety & Transportation Information for Elemental Bismuth
Bismuth is not toxic, however, safety data for Bismuth metal, nanoparticles and compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific Bismuth material or compound referenced in the “Products” tab. The below information applies to elemental (metallic) Bismuth.
Safety Data | |
---|---|
Signal Word | Warning |
Hazard Statements | H228 |
Hazard Codes | F |
Risk Codes | 11 |
Safety Precautions | 16 |
RTECS Number | EB2600000 |
Transport Information | UN 3089 4.1/PG 2 |
WGK Germany | nwg |
Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling (GHS) | ![]() |
Review and Print SDS for Bismuth Metal
SAFETY DATA SHEET
SECTION 1. IDENTIFICATION
Product Name: Bismuth Metal
Product Number: All applicable American Elements product codes, e.g. BI-M-02, BI-M-03, BI-M-04, BI-M-05, BI-M-06
CAS #: 7440-69-9
Relevant identified uses of the substance: Scientific research and development
Supplier details:
American Elements
1093 Broxton Ave. Suite 2000
Los Angeles, CA 90024
Tel: +1 310-208-0551
Fax: +1 310-208-0351
Emergency telephone number:
Domestic, North America +1 800-424-9300
International +1 703-527-3887
SECTION 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
Classification of the substance or mixture
Classification according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008
The substance is not classified as hazardous to health or the environment according to the CLP regulation.
Classification according to Directive 67/548/EEC or Directive 1999/45/EC
Not applicable
Information concerning particular hazards for human and environment:
No information known.
Hazards not otherwise classified
No information known.
Label elements
Labelling according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008
Not applicable
Hazard pictograms
Not applicable
Signal word
Not applicable
Hazard statements
Not applicable
WHMIS classification
Not controlled
Classification system
HMIS ratings (scale 0-4)
(Hazardous Materials Identification System)
HEALTH
FIRE
REACTIVITY
1
0
0
Health (acute effects) = 1
Flammability = 0
Physical Hazard = 0
Other hazards
Results of PBT and vPvB assessment
PBT: Not applicable.
vPvB: Not applicable
SECTION 3. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
Chemical characterization: Substances
CAS# Description:
7440-69-9 Bismuth
Identification number(s):
EC number: 231-177-4
SECTION 4. FIRST AID MEASURES
Description of first aid measures
General information
No special measures required.
After inhalation
Seek medical treatment in case of complaints.
After skin contact
Generally the product does not irritate the skin.
After eye contact
Rinse opened eye for several minutes under running water. If symptoms persist, consult a doctor.
After swallowing
If symptoms persist consult doctor.
Information for doctor
Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed
No further relevant information available.
Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed
No further relevant information available.
SECTION 5. FIREFIGHTING MEASURES
Extinguishing media
Suitable extinguishing agents
Special powder for metal fires. Do not use water.
For safety reasons unsuitable extinguishing agents
Water
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
If this product is involved in a fire, the following can be released:
Metal oxide fume
Advice for firefighters
Protective equipment:
No special measures required.
SECTION 6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Not required.
Environmental precautions:
Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.
Do not allow product to reach sewage system or any water course.
Do not allow to penetrate the ground/soil.
Methods and material for containment and cleaning up:
Pick up mechanically.
Prevention of secondary hazards:
No special measures required.
Reference to other sections
See Section 7 for information on safe handling
See Section 8 for information on personal protection equipment.
See Section 13 for disposal information.
SECTION 7. HANDLING AND STORAGE
Handling
Precautions for safe handling
Keep container tightly sealed.
Store in cool, dry place in tightly closed containers.
Information about protection against explosions and fires:
No special measures required.
Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
Storage
Requirements to be met by storerooms and receptacles:
No special requirements.
Information about storage in one common storage facility:
Do not store together with acids.
Store away from oxidizing agents.
Store away from halogens.
Further information about storage conditions:
Keep container tightly sealed.
Store in cool, dry conditions in well sealed containers.
Specific end use(s)
No further relevant information available.
SECTION 8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION
Additional information about design of technical systems:
No further data; see section 7.
Control parameters
Components with limit values that require monitoring at the workplace:
The product does not contain any relevant quantities of materials with critical values that have to be monitored at the workplace.
Additional information: No data
Exposure controls
Personal protective equipment
General protective and hygienic measures
The usual precautionary measures for handling chemicals should be followed.
Maintain an ergonomically appropriate working environment.
Breathing equipment: Not required.
Protection of hands: Not required.
Penetration time of glove material (in minutes)
Not determined
Eye protection: Safety glasses
Body protection: Protective work clothing.
SECTION 9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Information on basic physical and chemical properties
General Information
Appearance:
Form: Solid in various forms
Color: Grey
Odor: Odorless
Odor threshold: Not determined.
pH-value: Not applicable.
Change in condition
Melting point/Melting range: 271.4 °C (521 °F)
Boiling point/Boiling range: 1564 °C (2847 °F)
Sublimation temperature / start: Not determined
Flash point: Not applicable
Flammability (solid, gaseous): Not determined.
Ignition temperature: Not determined
Decomposition temperature: Not determined
Auto igniting: Not determined.
Danger of explosion: Not determined.
Explosion limits:
Lower: Not determined
Upper: Not determined
Vapor pressure at 840 °C (1544 °F): 1 hPa (1 mm Hg)
Density at 20 °C (68 °F): 9.79 g/cm³ (81.698 lbs/gal)
Bulk density at 20 °C (68 °F): 6000 kg/m³
Relative density: Not determined.
Vapor density: Not applicable.
Evaporation rate: Not applicable.
Solubility in / Miscibility with Water: Insoluble
Partition coefficient (n-octanol/water): Not determined.
Viscosity:
dynamic: Not applicable.
kinematic: Not applicable.
Other information
No further relevant information available.
SECTION 10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
Reactivity
No information known.
Chemical stability
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Thermal decomposition / conditions to be avoided:
Decomposition will not occur if used and stored according to specifications.
Possibility of hazardous reactions
No dangerous reactions known
Conditions to avoid
No further relevant information available.
Incompatible materials:
Acids
Halogens
Oxidizing agents
Hazardous decomposition products:
Metal oxide fume
SECTION 11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Information on toxicological effects
Acute toxicity:
The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) contains acute toxicity data for this substance.
LD/LC50 values that are relevant for classification: Oral LD50 5000 mg/kg (rat)
Skin irritation or corrosion: No irritant effect.
Eye irritation or corrosion: May cause irritation
Sensitization: No sensitizing effects known.
Germ cell mutagenicity: No effects known.
Carcinogenicity:
No classification data on carcinogenic properties of this material is available from the EPA, IARC, NTP, OSHA or ACGIH.
Reproductive toxicity: No effects known.
Specific target organ system toxicity - repeated exposure: No effects known.
Specific target organ system toxicity - single exposure: No effects known.
Aspiration hazard: No effects known.
Subacute to chronic toxicity: No effects known.
Additional toxicological information:
To the best of our knowledge the acute and chronic toxicity of this substance is not fully known.
SECTION 12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Toxicity
Aquatic toxicity:
No further relevant information available.
Persistence and degradability
No further relevant information available.
Bioaccumulative potential
No further relevant information available.
Mobility in soil
No further relevant information available.
Additional ecological information:
General notes:
Do not allow material to be released to the
environment without proper governmental permits.
Avoid transfer into the environment.
Results of PBT and vPvB assessment
PBT: Not applicable.
vPvB: Not applicable.
Other adverse effects
No further relevant information available
SECTION 13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
Waste treatment methods
Recommendation
Consult state, local or national regulations to ensure proper disposal.
Uncleaned packagings:
Recommendation:
Disposal must be made according to official regulations
SECTION 14. TRANSPORT INFORMATION
UN-Number
DOT, ADN, IMDG, IATA
Not applicable
UN proper shipping name
DOT, ADN, IMDG, IATA
Not applicable
Transport hazard class(es)
DOT, ADR, ADN, IMDG, IATA
Class
Not applicable
Packing group
DOT, IMDG, IATA
Not applicable
Environmental hazards:
Not applicable.
Special precautions for user
Not applicable.
Transport in bulk according to Annex II of MARPOL73/78 and the IBC Code
Not applicable.
Transport/Additional information:
DOT
Marine Pollutant (DOT):
No
UN "Model Regulation":
SECTION 15. REGULATORY INFORMATION
Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the substance or mixture
National regulations
All components of this product are listed in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical substance Inventory.
All components of this product are listed on the Canadian Domestic Substances List (DSL).
SARA Section 313 (specific toxic chemical listings)
Substance is not listed.
California Proposition 65
Prop 65 - Chemicals known to cause cancer
Substance is not listed.
Prop 65 - Developmental toxicity
Substance is not listed.
Prop 65 - Developmental toxicity, female
Substance is not listed.
Prop 65 - Developmental toxicity, male
Substance is not listed.
Information about limitation of use:
For use only by technically qualified individuals.
Other regulations, limitations and prohibitive regulations
Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) according to the REACH Regulations (EC) No. 1907/2006.
Substance is not listed.
The conditions of restrictions according to Article 67 and Annex XVII of the Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) for the manufacturing, placing on the market and use must be observed.
Substance is not listed.
Annex XIV of the REACH Regulations (requiring Authorisation for use)
Substance is not listed.
REACH - Pre-registered substances
Substance is listed.
Chemical safety assessment:
A Chemical Safety Assessment has not been carried out.
16. OTHER INFORMATION
Safety Data Sheet according to Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH). The above information is believed to be correct but does not purport to be all inclusive and shall be used only as a guide. The information in this document is based on the present state of our knowledge and is applicable to the product with regard to appropriate safety precautions. It does not represent any guarantee of the properties of the product. American Elements shall not be held liable for any damage resulting from handling or from contact with the above product. See reverse side of invoice or packing slip for additional terms and conditions of sale. COPYRIGHT 1997-2016 AMERICAN ELEMENTS. LICENSED GRANTED TO MAKE UNLIMITED PAPER COPIES FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY.
Bismuth Isotopes
Bismuth (Bi) has no stable isotopes. While Bismuth-209 has traditionally been considered a stable isotope, it is now known that it has a half-life of over 1.9×1019 years.
Nuclide | Isotopic Mass | Half-Life | Mode of Decay | Nuclear Spin | Magnetic Moment | Binding Energy (MeV) | Natural Abundance (% by atom) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
184Bi | 184.00112(14)# | 6.6(15) ms | Unknown | 3+# | N/A | 1393.35 | - |
185Bi | 184.99763(6)# | 2# ms | p to 184Pb | 9/2-# | N/A | 1410.75 | - |
186Bi | 185.99660(8) | 14.8(7) ms | a to 182Tl; ß+ to 186Pb | (3+) | N/A | 1418.82 | - |
187Bi | 186.993158(16) | 32(3) ms | a to 183Tl; ß+ to 187Pb | 9/2-# | N/A | 1426.9 | - |
188Bi | 187.99227(5) | 44(3) ms | a to 184Tl; ß+ to 188Pb | 3+# | N/A | 1434.98 | - |
189Bi | 188.98920(6) | 674(11) ms | a to 185Tl; ß+ to 189Pb | (9/2-) | N/A | 1452.38 | - |
190Bi | 189.9883(2) | 6.3(1) s | a to 186Tl; ß+ to 190Pb | (3+) | N/A | 1460.46 | - |
191Bi | 190.985786(8) | 12.3(3) s | a to 187Tl; ß+ to 191Pb | (9/2-) | N/A | 1468.53 | - |
192Bi | 191.98546(4) | 34.6(9) s | ß+ to 192Pb; a to 188Tl | (3+) | N/A | 1476.61 | - |
193Bi | 192.98296(1) | 67(3) s | ß+ to 193Pb; a to 189Tl | (9/2-) | N/A | 1484.69 | - |
194Bi | 193.98283(5) | 95(3) s | ß+ to 194Pb; a to 190Tl | (3+) | N/A | 1492.77 | - |
195Bi | 194.980651(6) | 183(4) s | ß+ to 195Pb; a to 191Tl | (9/2-) | N/A | 1500.85 | - |
196Bi | 195.980667(26) | 5.1(2) min | ß+ to 196Pb; a to 192Tl | (3+) | N/A | 1508.93 | - |
197Bi | 196.978864(9) | 9.33(50) min | ß+ to 197Pb; a to 193Tl | (9/2-) | N/A | 1526.32 | - |
198Bi | 197.97921(3) | 10.3(3) min | ß+ to 198Pb | (2+,3+) | N/A | 1534.4 | - |
199Bi | 198.977672(13) | 27(1) min | ß+ to 199Pb | 9/2- | N/A | 1542.48 | - |
200Bi | 199.978132(26) | 36.4(5) min | ß+ to 200Pb | 7+ | N/A | 1550.56 | - |
201Bi | 200.977009(16) | 108(3) min | ß+ to 201Pb; a to 197Tl | 9/2- | N/A | 1558.64 | - |
202Bi | 201.977742(22) | 1.72(5) h | ß+ to 202Pb; a to 198Tl | 5(+#) | N/A | 1566.72 | - |
203Bi | 202.976876(23) | 11.76(5) h | ß+ to 203Pb; a to 199Tl | 9/2- | N/A | 1574.8 | - |
204Bi | 203.977813(28) | 11.22(10) h | ß+ to 204Pb | 6+ | N/A | 1582.87 | - |
205Bi | 204.977389(8) | 15.31(4) d | EC to 205Pb | 9/2- | 4.16 | 1590.95 | - |
206Bi | 205.978499(8) | 6.243(3) d | EC to 206Pb | 6(+) | 4.6 | 1599.03 | - |
207Bi | 206.9784707(26) | 32.9(14) y | EC to 207Pb | 9/2- | 4.08 | 1607.11 | - |
208Bi | 207.9797422(25) | 3.68(4)E+5 y | EC to 208Pb | (5)+ | N/A | 1615.19 | - |
209Bi | 208.9803987(16) | 1.9(2)E+19 y | a to 205Tl | 9/2- | 4.1106 | 1613.95 | 100 |
210Bi | 209.9841204(16) | 5.012(5) d | ß- to 210Po; a to 206Tl | 1- | -0.0445 | 1622.03 | - |
211Bi | 210.987269(6) | 2.14(2) min | a to 207Tl; ß- to 211Po | 9/2- | N/A | 1630.11 | - |
212Bi | 211.9912857(21) | 60.55(6) min | ß- to 212Po; a to 208Tl; ß- + a to 208Pb; | 1(-) | N/A | 1628.87 | - |
213Bi | 212.994385(5) | 45.59(6) min | a to 207Tl; ß- to 211Po | 9/2- | N/A | 1636.95 | - |
214Bi | 213.998712(12) | 19.9(4) min | ß- to 214Po; a to 210Tl; ß- + a to 210Pb; | 1- | N/A | 1645.03 | - |
215Bi | 215.001770(16) | 7.6(2) min | ß- to 215Po | (9/2-) | N/A | 1643.79 | - |
216Bi | 216.006306(12) | 2.17(5) min | ß- to 216Po | 1-# | N/A | 1651.87 | - |
217Bi | 217.00947(21)# | 98.5(8) s | Unknown | 9/2-# | N/A | 1659.95 | - |
218Bi | 218.01432(39)# | 33(1) s | Unknown | 1-# | N/A | 1658.71 | - |